Objective: Keros classification based assessment of olfactory fossa depth in different age groups of both genders using computerized tomography (CT) Methodology: Cross sectional study done at Ziauddin university, Clifton, Karachi. Sample size was 270 adults including 160 males & 110 females. The assessment of depth of Olfactory fossa was carried out by measuring the height of lateral lamella of cribriform plate on CT images. Result: Olfactory fossa of 270 patients from both sides of both genders were classified according to Keros classification. We found Type II to be the most frequent on both sides in both genders. No significant difference in olfactory fossa depth was found when compared in different age groups. Conclusion: The present study shows that vast majority of the population comes under Keros type II & type III thus emphasizing the need of pre-operative radiological assessment. Association of right & left olfactory fossa depth in different age groups was found to be insignificant.

Objective: To evaluate the frequency of branching pattern of celiac trunk variations in different ethnic group in population of Karachi. Study Design: Cross- sectional study Duration: March, 2017- August, 2017. Place: Ziauddin hospital Karachi, Clifton campus, Department of Radiology & Anatomy Method: Total 160 participants were selected with the age range between 20-60 years old male & female adults. The subjects who were recruited in present study were those who came for 3D MDCTA without any upper abdominal vascular or visceral pathologies. Participants were interviewed to collect their demographic particulars and categorize them in different ethnic groups. Variation of Celiac trunk was analysed by Uflacker’s classification. Statistical analysis was completed on SPSS (version 20) and all the data has been presented in percentage and frequency. Results: Classical celiac trunk was found to be the highest in Urdu Speaking i.e. 52 (32.5%) individuals followed by Punjabi speaking 36(22.5%) and 28(17.5%) individuals in Sindhi speaking and least was found in pakhtoon speaking 18(11.25 %) individuals in our study participants. Variant of Celiac trunk was found to be highest in Urdu speaking exhibiting a frequency of 13(8.125 %) individuals. It was followed by Pakhtoon, Sindhi and Punjabi speaking with the frequency of 7(4.375%), 4 (2.5%) and 2(1.25%) individuals respectively. Practical Implication: Present study reports celiac trunk variations in Pakistani population in different ethnic groups. The prevalence of celiac trunk variations in different ethnic groups found in our study was low but these variations may cause catastrophic injuries while doing laproscopic surgeries or Chemoembolization for liver cancer. Vascular anatomical variations of celiac trunk mostly found accidently during interventional or radiological procedures so it should be reported routinely to create awareness regarding vascular variations specifically in different ethnic groups. This data may be utilized by the radiologists and surgeon to reduce catastrophic injuries for patient well being. Conclusion: It has been concluded that vascular anatomical variations of celiac trunk found accidently during interventional or radiological procedures so it is essential to have a knowledge of vascular variations and their presence in different ethnic groups. This data may be utilized by the radiologists and surgeon to avoid injuries specific to Pakistani population. Keywords: Anastomosis, Celiac Trunk, Variations, Multidetector Computer Tomographic Angiography, Laproscopic

Objective: To find out the frequency of protrusion of Internal Carotid artery in sphenoid sinus and dehiscence of carotid canal in a subset of Karachi population.  Study design: This was a Cross-sectional study conducted at Radiology department of Ziauddin university.  Methodology:  We analyzed 270 head and neck CT scans 270 Head and neck CT scans (540 sides) were analyzed. CT was performed on a 16 slice Toshiba Alexion at Ziauddin Hospital, Karachi —removed for blind review---. SPSS version 20 was used for data analysis.  Results: Out of 270 CT scans analyzed, 28 (10.3) scans showed protrusion of ICA in sphenoid sinus. Out of 45 (16.6) of the subjects showed dehiscence of carotid canal. Out of total dehiscence present unilateral cases were more frequent as compared to bilateral. Unilateral protrusion was also more common as compared to bilateral protrusion of ICA.  Conclusion: Knowledge of dehiscence and protrusion related to ICA and sphenoid sinus anatomy is essential to avoid complications in endoscopic sinus surgery.

Objective: To find out the frequency of variations in coeliac trunk branching pattern by Using 3D Multidetector Computer Tomographic Angiography (MDCTA),in patients referred to Radiology Department  of Ziauddin University Hospital with abdominal pain, altered bowel habits, kidney or adrenal pathologies Method: For this study, 160 individuals aged 20-60 years, without any abdominal vascular or upper ab- dominal visceral disease who presented to Radiology Department, Ziauddin University Hospital, Clifton Karachi, for abdominal 3D-MDCTA (3-dimensional multidetector  computed  tomographic  angiography)  from March 2017 to August 2017 were recruited in this study.  It  was  a  cross-sectional  study  and  samples were collected through non-probability convenience sampling technique. Recruitment of study participants was done from patients who were referred to radiology department of Ziauddin University Hospital for abdominal contrast MDCTA examination due to various indications such as abdominal pain, altered bowel habits, kidney and adrenal pathologies. Persons having serum creatinine levels <1.4 mg/dl with no hepatobiliary pathologies, pancreatic or abdominal vascular lesions were included while patient having, abdominal malignancy distorting vascular anatomy, vasculitis and atherosclerosis were ex- cluded from the study. Patients having history of liver transplant or upper abdominal surgeries or those having history of allergic reaction to contrast agents and pregnant ladies were also excluded from the   study. Coeliac trunk variations were categorised according to Uflacker's classification into 8 types. Statis- tical analysis was done on SPSS version 20. Data is presented in percentages and frequencies. Results: Classical coeliac trunk (type I) was present in 134 out of 160 (83.9%)  individuals  while 26 (16.1%) individuals showed coeliac trunk variations. Type II and type V variations were second most fre- quent variations i.e. in 9 (5.6%) individuals each, followed by type VII in 5 (3.6%) individuals. Type  III, IV  and VI showed variations in 1 (0.6%) individual each. Type VIII was not found in our sample. Conclusion: The present study reports normal configuration of coeliac trunk i.e, classic or type I coeliac trunk in 83.9% individuals and coeliac trunk variations in 16.1% individuals.

Objective: In kidney morphological changes in size are manifested by renal pathologies and are of great significance in clinical assessment of patients with kidney diseases. Therefore of the objective of this study is to report normative data of renal dimension and its correlation with renal function. Design of the study: It was a cross sectional study Place of study: This study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital, Dr. Ziauddin University Hospital, Karachi from January, 2017 to June, 2017. Material and Methods: Total 250 individuals were included in the study. The participants were recruited through convenient sampling, from Ziauddin University. Study participants were 21 to 60 years of age, who were referred to Radiology department for abdominal contrast CT.All kidney dimensions including kidney length, kidney width and anteroposterior diameter were taken by using 16-slice Multidector computed tomography MDCT scanner. Serum creatinine of study participants was used to calculate eGFR by Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula. Data was analyzed by using SPSS version 20, Pearson’s correlation was applied to find association between renal measurements and calculated eGFR. Results were reported with confidence level at 95% and P-value ≤ 0.05 was considered to be significant. Results: Renal measurements of study participants were renal length (Right:10.81±0.71, left:11.12±0.73) and renal volume (right: 118.80 ±17.98 cm3, left: 126.00 ±18.36 cm3). Mean glomerular filtration rate was found to be 112.8 ± 11.20 ml/min/1.73 m2. Conclusion: This study concludes that renal length and renal volume are best correlated with glomerular filtration rate by showing a strong significant positive correlation with estimated glomerular filtration rate in study Key words: Computed tomography, renal length, glomerular filtration rate, serum creatinine