Objective: The liver diseases affect both the pediatric and adult populations. In the adult population, the stereotype diagnosis in the Indian population is targeted toward males due to excessive alcoholic consumption. Nevertheless, the liver diseases can also affect both the female and pediatric populations. Pediatric liver diseases include cirrhosis, fatty liver diseases, and hepatic failure. The liver diseases are commonly caused by biliary atresia and genetic metabolic diseases. In children, the signs and symptoms of liver diseases are dependent on the principal reason of the liver disease. This review article is to cover all the etiologies that have been identified to cause liver diseases with a special focus on pediatric acute liver failure.Methods: An extensive PubMed search was conducted and articles that were published after 2007 were included in this article. Results:The pediatric population etiology of liver diseases can be broadly categorized into infections, immunologic, metabolic, toxin or drug related, indeterminate, and diseases resulting in liver cirrhosis. Complications of pediatric liver diseases include malnutrition, infection, gastroesophageal varices, and hepatic encephalopathy. Conclusion:Overall, the etiology for liver diseases in the pediatric population is many. Early identification of these factors can improve the quality of life of the pediatric patient. With the correct diagnostic parameters and treatment certain conditions can be completely cured. As for those whose effective treatment is still lacking it is essential to continue the ongoing research until the missing pieces have been identified.

The present study focused on the co morbidities and lifestyle associated with diabetes patients. It was a non experimental prospective study and done in outpatient department of endocrinology, Amrita Institute of Medical science. Sample size was 136. Patients who have diagnosed with diabetes included and not willing to participate excluded. Majority of the people (18.4%) having hypertension followed by combination of hypertension and dyslipidaemia (15.4%). Majority of them are non vegetarians (79.41%) and having irregular exercise (65.44%). 13.9% of patients were consuming alcohol and 10.3% were smoking. So the study provides data to advice health care providers to pay more attention towards the diabetes patients.

Glanzmann thrombasthenia (GT) is a rare inherited blood clotting disorder characterized by the impaired function of platelets that are essential for proper blood clotting and can lead to prolonged bleeding time. Patient with GT may experience menorrhagia, easy bruising, purpura, epistaxis, and gingival bleeding. Here, we report a case of a young male, who was presented with complaints of malena, epigastric pain, and generalized weakness. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging showed hemoperitoneum and perihepatic hematoma, respectively. Later, he also developed black-colored stools and occasional cough. Coagulation profile was suggestive of Glanzmann thrombasthenia. The patient was treated symptomatically, and as the conditions improved, the patient was discharged in a stable state of health. Only up to 500 cases were reported regarding GT till this date. As GT is a rare disorder, it needs to be reported in the current clinical setting.

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ITP is a bleeding disorder which is not associated by a systemic disease caused by low platelet count or thrombocytes. However, use of dapsone is limited by adverse effects such as methemoglobinemia, reticulocyte increase, hemolysis, hemoglobin decrease, red cell life span shortened, agranulocytosis, anemia, leukopenia, and pure red cell aplasia. This report relates to an incident to methemoglobinemia after administration of dapsone as the second line agent for treatment of ITP in a tertiary care hospital. A 46-year-old male, with a case of immune thrombocytopenia and a family history of aplastic anemia in mother. Now presented with high grade fever associated with generalized weakness, cough with expectoration and shortness of breath and decreased urine output. He was admitted for further management. Initial laboratory investigations were done. Blood and urine cultures were sent. His arterial blood gas showed elevated methemoglobin (18.2). Peripheral smear revealed microcytic hypochromic anemia with polychromatophils, microspherocytes, and relative neutrophilia. Urine culture showed Escherichia coli and blood culture was sterile. Serum electrolytes were sent. He had elevated international normalized ratio (INR) value (5.93). Warfarin and dapsone were withheld.