Quantum processors require Quantum Error Correction Codes (QECC's) for improving the fidelity of quantum logic gates. Fault tolerant QECC's are capable of providing error rate improvements in quantum processors as long as the components are operating below a certain gate error probability. In this contribution, we quantify the depolarization probability bound, below which transversal QECC's would give a better error probability than an uncoded gate. Both a low-complexity repetition code and Steane's 7-bit QECC are characterized. INDEX TERMS Fault tolerance, quantum error correction codes, quantum stabilizer codes, quantum gates.

Quantum teleportation allows an unknown arbitrary quantum state to be transmitted between two separate locations. To achieve this, the system requires both classical and quantum channels, for communicating two classical bits and an entangled quantum bit from the transmitter to the receiver. It is commonly assumed that both channels are error-free, however, under realistic conditions, this is unlikely to be the case. This study proposed and investigated a secure and reliable quantum teleportation scheme when both classical and quantum channels exhibit errors. It was found that the security and reliability of the teleportation could be improved when powerful turbo codes are employed.

An encoderless quantum code is capable of connecting quantum information by replacing the encoder circuit with a fault-tolerant single-qubit gate arrangement. As a further benefit, in contrast to state preparation techniques, our encoderless scheme requires no prior knowledge of the input information, therefore totally unknown states can be encoded fault-tolerantly. Our encoderless quantum code delivers a frame error rate that is three orders of magnitude lower than that of the corresponding scheme relying on a non-fault-tolerant encoder, when the gate error probability is as high as 10 −3 .

<p> </p> <p>The Europlanet 2024 Research Infrastructure (RI) provides free access to the world’s largest collection of planetary simulation and analysis facilities. The project is funded through the European Commission’s Horizon 2020 programme and runs for four years from February 2020 until January 2024. The Transnational Access (TA) programme supports all travel and local accommodation costs for European and international researchers to visit 24 laboratory facilities and 6 Planetary Field Analogues (PFA) [1].</p> <p> </p> <p>As part of the education and inspiration tasks associated with Europlanet 2024 RI, we have produced classroom resources aimed at age 10-14 year olds relating the conditions found within the PFA sites to astrobiology and the habitability of Mars.</p> <p> </p> <p>These resources have been produced around all PFA sites:</p> <p> </p> <p>Rio Tinto River (Spain)</p> <p>Iceland Field Sites (Iceland)</p> <p>Danakil Depression (Ethiopia)</p> <p>Kangerlussuaq Field Site (Greenland)</p> <p>Makgadikgadi Salt Pans (Botswana)</p> <p>Puna Plateau (Argentina)</p> <p> </p> <p>These resources link in with common areas found in worldwide STEM curriculums, such as volcanism, pressure, pH and evaporation. To achieve this, we have filmed lab-based demonstrations and included them in a classroom lesson plan alongside teachers' notes. In addition, each lesson plan focuses on how the conditions of the PFA’s could affect the habitability of Mars.</p> <p> </p> <p>Following studies such as Salimpour et al 2020 [2], highlighting the extent to which astronomy has been incorporated into school curriculums, we have chosen to highlight three subject areas with lower representation in high schools into our resources; physics, space exploration and astrobiology.</p> <p> </p> <p>As these analogue sites can be linked to more planetary bodies than just Mars, our next steps which are currently in production are the creation of similar resources based around the habitability of the icy moons of the Solar System.</p> <p> </p> <p>References: [1] The Europlanet Society, TA1 Planetary Field Analogues (PFA). Available at: https://www.europlanet-society.org/europlanet-2024-ri/ta1-pfa. [2] Salimpour, S., Bartlett, S., Fitzgerald, M.T. et al. The Gateway Science: a Review of Astronomy in the OECD School Curricula, Including China and South Africa. Res Sci Educ (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-020-09922-0</p> <p> </p> <p>Acknowledgement: Europlanet 2024 RI has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 871149.</p>

Experiments conducted on open-access cloud-based IBM Quantum devices are presented for characterizing their fault tolerance using [4, 2, 2]-encoded gate sequences. Up to 100 logical gates are activated in the Ibmq_Bogota and Ibmq_Santiago devices and we found that a [4, 2, 2] code's logical gate set may be deemed fault-tolerant for gate sequences larger than 10 gates. However, certain circuits did not satisfy the fault tolerance criterion. In some cases the encoded-gate sequences show a high error rate that is lower bounded at ≈ 0.1, whereby the error inherent in these circuits cannot be mitigated by classical post-selection. A comparison of the experimental results to a simple error model reveal that the dominant gate errors cannot be readily represented by the popular Pauli error model. Finally, it is most accurate to assess the fault tolerance criterion when the circuits tested are restricted to those that give rise to an output state with a low dimension.INDEX TERMS quantum error correction codes, quantum gates, ibm quantum, quantum circuits, fault tolerant circuit, encoded gates