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The influence of plant functional groups and moderate seasonality on arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal status (root colonization and spore density) was investigated during 13 consecutive months in a chronosequence of succession in southern Brazil, consisting of grassland field, scrub vegetation, secondary forest and mature forest, in a region of transition from tropical to subtropical zones. AM root colonization and spore density decreased with advancing succession and were highest in early successional sites with grassland and scrub vegetation, intermediary in the secondary forest and lowest in the mature forest. They were little influenced by soil properties, but were sufficiently influenced by the fine root nutrient status and fine root traits among different functional plant groups. AM root colonization and spore density were higher during the favourable plant growth season (spring and summer) than during the less favourable plant growth season (autumn and winter). Spore density displayed significant seasonal variation at all sites, whilst root colonization displayed significant seasonal variation in grassland, scrub and secondary forest, but not in mature forest. The data suggest that (1) different plant functional groups display different relationships with AM fungi, influencing their abundance differentially; (2) plant species from early successional phases are more susceptible to AM root colonization and maintain higher AM sporulation than late successional species; (3) fine root traits and nutrient status influence these AM fungal attributes; and (4) higher AM spore production and root colonization is associated with the season of higher light incidence and temperature, abundant water in soil and higher plant metabolic activity.
RESUMO -(Diferentes propriedades do solo na colonização micorrízica arbuscular de amendoim, sorgo e milho). Fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA) são importantes para o crescimento das plantas, pois aumentam o influxo de minerais. Porém, a eficiência simbiótica é afetada por muitos fatores ambientais. Este estudo avaliou os efeitos de diferentes tratamentos (+/-fósforo; +/-calcário; +/-matéria orgânica; texturas de solo arenosa, argilosa e de campo) sobre a colonização radical (CR) de amendoim, sorgo e milho. Da combinação destes fatores resultaram 72 tratamentos. O experimento fatorial foi do tipo 2×2×2×3×3, com amostragem inteiramente ao acaso. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e ao teste de Tukey (P≤ 0,05). Três meses após a germinação das sementes, as raízes foram coletadas para avaliação das percentagens de CR. Os resultados mostraram que a textura do solo e a calagem foram os fatores que mais influenciaram a CR em milho, sorgo e amendoim. Diferenças significativas também foram observadas entre os fitobiontes. Matéria orgânica teve influência pouco significativa sobre a CR enquanto adição de fósforo não ocasionou variação.Palavras-chave: micorriza, calagem, textura do solo, matéria orgânica, fósforo ABSTRACT -(The effect of different soil properties on arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization of peanuts, sorghum and maize). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are important for plant growth since they increase mineral influx. However, symbiosis efficiency is affected by many environmental factors. This study evaluated the effects of different treatments (+/-phosphorus; +/-liming; +/-organic matter; field, sandy or clayey soil textures) on root colonization (RC) of peanuts, sorghum and maize. The combination of these resulted in seventy-two treatments. The 2×2×2×3×3 factorial experiment was laid out in a randomized design. All data were subjected to variance analysis and the means were compared (Tukey at P≤0.05). Three months after seed germination, roots were collected to evaluate the percentage of RC. Results showed that soil texture and liming were the most important factors influencing colonization percentage in maize, sorghum and peanuts by AMF. Significant differences were also observed between the phytobionts. Organic matter (OM) had very little influence and phosphorus addition had no effect on RC.
Mycorrhizal colonization was assessed in roots of trees within an Atlantic Forest chronosequence, located in the southeastern of São Paulo State, Brazil, inside Tourist State Park of the High Ribeira Valley (PETAR). The phytosociological survey was carried out in three adjacent areas, all on calcareous soil, which correspond to different time intervals during which they have been left abandoned following a slash-and-burn agricultural perturbation. Early Phase (EP) with 15 years; Mid Phase (MP) with 25 years; and Late Phase (LP) with more than 36 years without clear-cut. The inventory indicated a continuum of tree species substitution, which is dominated by species of Leguminosae, especially Piptadenia gonoacantha (Mart.) J.F. Macbr. (Mimosoideae) in the earlier successional phases. Mycorrhizal colonization, estimated by the occurrence of the mycorrhizal structures in the tree species roots, diminished during the season with less rain (winter), and showed no significant differences between successional phases in the wet season (summer). Rather, the mycorrhizal colonization was correlated with occurrence of the tree’s successional status: being positively correlated with occurrence of pioneer species, and negatively correlated with late secondary species. Mycorrhizal colonization was also correlated negatively with soil organic matter and base saturation. Twenty five species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi belonging to four genera were identified. Six species were only identified to generic level. The species Glomus etunicatum Becker & Gerd. represented 10% of the total number of spores and occurred in all phases and seasons, while the genus Glomus represented 57% of the total of spores found in the rhizosphere. The diversity indices evaluated for the mycohrriza community were: H’ = 2.3, J’ = 0.97 and R = 4.12. These results are a contribution to the knowledge of The Atlantic Forest biodiversity and may have implications to support programs regarding rehabilitation of degraded vegetation in one of the World’s most threatened Biomes.
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