Background: Healthcare demand is individuals' decision on the choice of healthcare utilisation. Healthcare demand and its determinants can identify reason for the rise of healthcare expenditure and to essentially identify influential determinants for cost reduction via demand analysis. This manuscript aims to review the demand for healthcare and its determinants. Materials and Methods: A scoping systematic review was conducted, searched through the domains of PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google scholar, using keywords of "healthcare demand" AND "medical care" OR determinants AND "medical care" OR demand AND "medical care" OR demand AND "health services" OR determinants AND "medical care" OR factors AND demand AND "medical care". Full articles from 30 year-recent publications, related with demand for healthcare and its determinants as well as written in English are included. Reviewed articles were excluded from the result findings. Result: Initially, 327 articles were searched from the databases and an additional nine from other sources. Articles that were duplicated were removed. Then, 233 articles underwent primary screening based on titles and abstract. Following this, 75 articles underwent secondary review for eligibility and 20 articles were finally chosen and included as the final literature search. Healthcare demand was pertaining to healthcare utilisation based on types of healthcare providers and types of services provided, health status and also health expenditure. The determinants of healthcare demand were; age, gender, ethnicity, education, occupation, household income and size, marital status, family size, health status, health problems and duration, medical insurance coverage, medical and non-medical costs or price, health expenditure, distance to provider and waiting time. Conclusion: Healthcare demand's determinants can assist in resource allocation to be groupspecific. Moreover, the nation's health system is able to provide more effective care to the population. This will subsequently assist policymakers with evidence of demand-side evidences for a more effective pattern of health behaviour.

Background: Efficiency measurement has been of great interest as organizations attempt to improve their efficiency and productivity. Most worked were emphasised on efficiency measurement in hospitals. Focus were on hospitals to established and compared their relative productivity, considering the need to effectively utilize scarce resources available within them. DEA is one of measurement tool commonly used in hospital efficiency study. DEA requires some model specification when use to examine technical efficiency of the hospital. This manuscript aim was to identify the model specification of DEA commonly used in measuring the technical efficiency of hospital. Materials and Methods:Three databases, namely PubMed, CIHAHL and ScienceDirect were used for searching articles from 2013 to 2018. The search technique will involve the use of key words, "hospital", "hospital inputs", "technical efficiency", "hospital efficiency", "hospital outputs", together with the "data envelopment analysis or DEA. Searching and screening were based on PRISAMA procedure.Result: Twenty articles had extracted as a final result of the systematic review process. The number of DMUs was ranged between 9 and 322. Studies were varies in term on DEA model specification, and some studies were similar with other studies in regard to components of DEA model specification. Conclusion:The DEA model specification has an ability to be customized based on researcher preferences and the objective of the study in order to measure hospital technical efficiency.

Introduction: A huge number of Orang Asli population live in isolated area within peninsular Malaysia. Their lack of proper road and remoteness made their access to healthcare services difficult. Batang Padang has the 22800 Orang Asli reside in the district. Primary healthcare services have been provided to this population through static clinic and mobile clinic.Objective: This study was done to determine distance of primary healthcare from Orang Asli village and their correlation with primary healthcare utilization.Methods: A cross sectional study using Geographical Information System was done using spatial data from various sources for mapping and spatial analysis. Network analysis using ArcGIS software was used to determine the distance while Spearman correlation was used to determine association between distance and primary healthcare utilization.Result: Most of Orang Asli villages located not far from main road. Mean distance from Orang Asli village to nearest primary healthcare clinic is 5.87 kilometers. Mean duration taken for Orang Asli to come to the primary healthcare clinic is either 4.71 minutes by land transportation or 70.42 minutes by walking. Orang Asli villages located in the center of the district around Bandar Tapah have short distance to primary healthcare and the distance increase as the villages located away from the center. There is significant correlation between network distance with Orang Asli attendance to clinic (r 0.203) and MMR vaccination (r 0.230). There is also significant correlation between walking duration with Orang Asli attendance to primary healthcare (r 0.178) and MMR vaccination (r 0.227).Conclusion: As the distance and duration increase for Orang Asli to get to primary healthcare, there is increase need of primary healthcare services. Planning of primary healthcare for Orang Asli should consider the distance from these villages to primary healthcare services.International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Supplementary Issue: 2019 Page: 46