ObjectiveThree-dimensional printing (3DP) is a novel technology with applications in healthcare, particularly for congenital heart disease (CHD). We sought to explore the spectrum of use of 3D printed CHD models (3D-CM) and identify knowledge gaps within the published body of literature to guide future research.MethodsWe conducted a scoping review targeting published literature on the use of 3D-CMs. The databases of MEDLINE, EMBASE and Web of Science were searched from their inception until 19 July 2019. Inclusion criteria were primary research; studies reporting use of 3D-CMs; and human subjects. Exclusion criteria were studies where 3D-CMs were generated for proof of concept but not used; and studies focused on bioprinting or computational 3D-CMs. Studies were assessed for inclusion and data were extracted from eligible articles in duplicate.ResultsThe search returned 648 results. Following assessment, 79 articles were included in the final qualitative synthesis. The majority (66%) of studies are case reports or series. 15% reported use of a control group. Three main areas of utilisation are for (1) surgical and interventional cardiology procedural planning (n=62), (2) simulation (n=25), and (3) education for medical personnel or patients and their families (n=17). Multiple studies used 3D-CMs for more than one of these areas.Conclusions3DP for CHD is a new technology with an evolving literature base. Most of the published literature are experiential reports as opposed to manuscripts on scientifically robust studies. Our study has identified gaps in the literature and addressed priority areas for future research.

In the recent era, during which there has been improved access to genetic testing options, a higher proportion of fetal cardiomyopathy (CM) cases had an identifiable genetic etiology than reported previously. Despite recent major advances in perinatal management strategies, the postnatal outcome of this group of patients remains very poor. What are the clinical implications of this work?There is a critical role for genetic assessment and investigation of the family in cases of fetal CM. Interpretation of genetic test results is complex and the implications are multiple, including targeted screening of the extended family and recurrence-risk counseling in future pregnancies. Through provision of information on recent outcomes of a group of patients with fetal CM, the findings of this study should facilitate accurate counseling of families following a prenatal diagnosis of this rare condition.

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