Conventional cancer therapies are limited to surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Conventional treatments come with significant adverse effects. Modern cancer treatments focus on precise drug delivery to the cancer tissues and minimize adverse effects on healthy cells. Researchers have been working on an improved technique for delivering chemotherapeutic agents precisely at the molecular level in the tumor tissue. It has led to the use of nanotechnology in cancer treatment. Nanotechnology is the science and engineering of controlling matter, at the molecular scale, to create devices with novel chemical, physical and biological properties. Nanoscale objects are used themselves or as part of larger devices containing multiple nanoscale objects. Almost every field of Biosciences uses nanotechnology and all of which have an impact on biomedicine. It has the potential to change the current methods to diagnose and treat cancer. There has been real progress in translating nano-based cancer therapies and diagnostics into the clinic, and much more are in development. Nanoparticles are mainly used as nanocarriers to deliver the cytotoxic drugs to the tumor tissue. Use of nanoparticles is based on different concepts of pharmacology. Nanomedicine also is utilized to deliver multiple drugs at the cancer site at the same time for a better cytotoxic effect. CytImmune Sciences is a developing field of nanomedicine for targeted chemotherapy method. They selectively deliver the drug at the cancer site because of the increased permeability of the blood vessels at the tumor site. This article reviews various nanomedicine-based cancer therapeutics.

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Ketamine is a hydrosoluble aryl-cyclo-alkylamine with a molecular mass of 238 g/mol and a pKa 7.5. Only 10-30% of the Ketamine binds to plasma protiens 13 and has an extensive volume of distribution. Ketamine is mostly metabolized in norketamine (80%) and 6-hydroxy-norketamine (15%) by a microsomal enzyme system (N-demethylation), finally excreted in bile and urine after conjugation in the liver by glucuronidation. This metabolism involves liver, kidneys, intestine and lungs. 13 It has a half-life of three hours. Cytochrome P450 system is responsible for ketamine metabolism, and several microsomal enzymes are responsible for norketamine demethylation. 14 Norketamine pharmacokinetics Norketamine appears in blood 2-3 min after intravenous administration of ketamine bolus and reaches a peak about 30 min

A variety of central nervous system disorders were treated using G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) modulators. The discovery of allosteric modulators of GPCRs offers novel treatments with added benefits compared to orthosteric site modulators of GPCRs. The target site for allosteric modulators is separate from the orthosteric site and is still able to modulate the receptor function. Allosteric modulators either potentiate or inhibit the receptor response, and provide much greater subtype selectivity those orthostatic agents for the same receptors. Experiments revealed Positive Allosteric Modulators show allosteric agonism when used in combination with an endogenous ligand. Allosteric modulators permit increased drug selectivity and demonstrate a significant decrease in adverse effects. Studies showed the potential of some allosteric modulators of GPCRs and AMPA receptors in multiple Central Nervous System disorders including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.

Spinal cord injuries are well known for causing permanent disability and for not having effective treatments. Many promising studies are going on to formulate new pharmacological agents or to use existing medications that are indicated for entirely different pathological processes. Stem cell therapy and gene therapy have always been at the center of research but have not successfully established as a treatment of choice. Microtubule stabilizing anti-cancer drugs and chondroitinase ABC are other interventions currently under study. Pharmacological agents under investigation should be evaluated in detail to determine correct timing for use. Most recent researches focus on cellular receptor level modulation to promote the healing process. Remyelination agents and axonal regeneration stimulators that function by affecting the molecular biological level functioning of the cells require further studies to enable them to be used commercially. This article reviews various aspects of newer pharmacological agents in the management of spinal cord injury and the factors determining the success of concomitant use of these agents with traditional or non-pharmacological management.