Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of using 3D printing models in the learning process of orbital anatomy and pathology by ophthalmology residents. Methods: A quasi-experimental study was performed with 24 residents of ophthalmology at Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. Each stratum was randomized into two groups. The educational booklets were distributed, and various forms of orbital 3D models were printed from orbital computed tomography (CT) scans. Knowledge enhancement on the topics was measured by comparing pretest and posttest scores. Results: Thirteen residents who were trained using traditional methods were deemed the control group; while 11 residents who were trained using the 3D printed models were classed as the intervention group. The control group was younger than the intervention group (P = 0.047). The results showed that there was a statistically significant difference in the total posttest scores between the two groups. Based on the repeated measures of the analysis of variance (ANOVA), score variables were significant between the two groups (P = 0.008). Interestingly, the use of the 3D educational model was more effective and statistically significant with the year one residents as compared to the year two residents (P = 0.002). Conclusion: This study is the first one in Iran quantifying the effects of learning using 3D printed models in medical education. In fact, 3D modeling training is seemingly effective in teaching ophthalmic residents. As residents have never encountered such technology before, their experience using 3D models proved to be satisfactory and had a surprising positive effect on the learning process through visual training.

Background: Three-dimensional models are used to guide residents and physicians in accessing specific anatomical areas and types of fractures and better diagnosis of anomalies. These models are useful for illuminating complex anatomical areas, such as orbit, especially limited space with sensitive access. The aim of this study was to design a three-dimensional visualization educational modeling for ophthalmology residents’ training. Methods: This study is a product-oriented application that uses radiological images of anatomy, anomalies, and orbital fractures based on actual CT scans of patients. These CT scans were carefully selected from the Picture Archiving and Communication System of Ghaem Hospital of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. Results: To produce twelve 3D models, the CT scan files were converted to 3D printer output. Then, the models were presented to residents at a training session by an ophthalmologist. These models created all major fractures associated with the orbit area and most disorders, anomalies of this area and several normal anatomical. The features of 3D models were mentioned. The strengths and weaknesses of the educational modeling, the level of satisfaction with the use of three-dimensional models, suggestions and criticisms were assessed qualitatively by the residents. Satisfaction was reported 100% by residents. Suggestions for future 3D models were presented, and the only criticism was fear of exams and grades. Conclusion: Real-size 3D modeling help to understand the spatial and mental imagery of anatomy and orbital pathology and to touch different anatomical areas creates a clear image in the minds of residents, especially in the orbit.