Реферат. Цель -представить современные данные по патогенезу и диагностике синдрома раздраженного кишечника с приведением клинического примера. Материал и методы. На порталах elibrary и MedLine по ключевым словам «синдром раздраженного кишечника», «диагностика», «патогенез», «дифференциальная диагностика» отбирались релевантные статьи, посвященные синдрому раздраженного кишечника. Проанали-зирована история болезни пациента с синдромом раздраженного кишечника Результаты и их обсуждение. В настоящее время активно изучаются генетические основы патофизиологии синдрома раздраженного кишечника, взаимодействия эндокринных клеток желудочно-кишечного тракта и энтеральной нервной системы, изучается микробиом кишечника. «Золотым» стандартом диагностики являются Римские критерии, IV пересмотр которых был представлен в мае 2016 г. Несмотря на существенные достижения в фундаментальных, клинических и эпидемологических исследованиях, механизмы возникновения функциональных кишечных расстройств изу-чены не до конца, и обновленные Римские критерии IV пересмотра позволяют поставить диагноз только лишь клинически, методом исключения остальных заболеваний. В приведенном клиническом примере диагноз был выставлен путем исключения более серьезных заболеваний после длительного динамического наблюдения, множественных диагностических тестов, неоднократных консультаций врачей разных специальностей. Выводы. Диагностика синдрома раздраженного кишечника, несмотря на его наибольшую распространенность среди всех функциональных расстройств, сопряжена с большими затратами ресурсов здравоохранения. Russia, 420012, Kazan, Butlerov str., 49, e-mail: namirov@mail.ru Abstract. Aim. Review of the latest data on pathogenesis and diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome has been performed with presentation of personal clinical example. Material and methods. The following keywords have been used to select relevant articles in e-library and MedLine databases: «irritable bowel syndrome», «diagnostics», «pathogenesis», «differential diagnostics». Medical history of the patient with irritable bowel syndrome has been analyzed. Results and discussion. Nowadays, genetic bases of the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome as well as the interaction of endocrine cells of the gastrointestinal tract and enteric nervous system are being actively studied. Intestinal microbiome is being explored. Currently, the «gold» diagnostic standard is the Rome criteria, the IV revision of which was presented in May, 2016. Despite significant achievements in fundamental, clinical and epidemiological studies, the mechanisms of functional intestinal disorders development have not been fully studied and the newest version of Rome criteria allows diagnosing irritable bowel syndrome only clinically by excluding other diseases. In the presented clinical case diagnosis was made only after repeated consultations of different specialists, multiple diagnostic tests, by excluding more serious DIAGNOSIS OF IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (clinical case)
The choice of treatment of mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis (post-infection, immunoglobulin A, G and M nephritis) is performed taking into account the remission achievement, slowing of progression and reduction of the risk of recurrences of glomerulonephritis. The efficiency of etiologic factor removing is debatable: glomerulonephritis associated with infections usually resolves after their elimination; individual patients achieve immunoglobulin A nephritis remission with persistent antimicrobial treatment of focal infection, but surgical removal of the focus (tonsillectomy) does not affect the long-term prognosis, therefore it is not recommended. Treatment of immunoglobulin A nephritis with oral prednisone for up to 4 months, sometimes in combination with cyclophosphamide (cyclophosphane), reduces the likelihood of its relapse. At low risk of progression of immunoglobulin A nephritis with proteinuria less than 1 g/day, long-term therapy with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers is indicated with administration of maximum tolerated doses for proteinuria more than 1 g/day. Also fish oil 3 g/day is administered for up to 2 years. If proteinuria more than 1 g/day persists for 3-6 months, corticosteroids are recommended for 6 months. With mild renal dysfunction, corticosteroids are prescribed orally or in pulse-therapy with high doses intravenously and maintenance therapy with low doses orally. Immunosuppressive therapy - cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine, azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil - in combination with corticosteroids is indicated in rapid loss of renal function or massive/moderate proteinuria. In minimal proteinuria immunosuppressive therapy is considered to be unreasonable. Use of intravenous immunoglobulin for immunoglobulin A nephritis from the point of view of lesser toxic effect is possible only as the induction therapy. Currently, there are no clinical recommendations for the treatment of immunoglobulin M nephritis, in case of nephrotic syndrome, corticosteroids are the drugs of the 1st line. There are isolated studies of the use of cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate mofetil, and cyclosporine, with the achievement of remission in frequent relapses of nephrotic syndrome or steroid drug resistance. The cases of immunoglobulin M nephritis treates with retuximab with a positive effect are described. The effectiveness of immunoglobulin G nephritis treatment is less studied, the choice of treatment is similar to that of immunoglobulin A and M nephritis.
Реактивный артрит-это заболевание, которое отн осится к группе серонегативных спондилоартритов и характеризуется воспалительным поражением суставов в связи с перенесенной кишечной или урогенитальной инфекцией. Цель-представить современные данные о реактивном артрите, продемонстрировать клинический
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