Hybrid knowledge representation schemes, including production rules, object-oriented programming, and procedural methods, are employed to express expert heuristics and standard emergency knowledge during the development of the knowledge-based system (KBS) for emergency decision for disaster reduction. This approach renders it possible to take advantages of the characteristics of each method. The system can provide the user with advice on Preliminary plan evaluation, Plan optimization, Plan evaluation ,Plan summary and Miscellaneous.

Protein–protein interactions (PPIs) help to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of life activities and have a certain role in promoting disease treatment and new drug development. With the advent of the proteomics era, some PPIs prediction methods have emerged. However, the performances of these PPIs prediction methods still need to be optimized and improved. In order to optimize the performance of the PPIs prediction methods, we used the dropout method to reduce over-fitting by deep neural networks (DNNs), and combined with three types of feature extraction methods, conjoint triad (CT), auto covariance (AC) and local descriptor (LD), to build DNN models based on amino acid sequences. The results showed that the accuracy of the CT, AC and LD increased from 97.11% to 98.12%, 96.84% to 98.17%, and 95.30% to 95.60%, respectively. The loss values of the CT, AC and LD decreased from 27.47% to 14.96%, 65.91% to 17.82% and 36.23% to 15.34%, respectively. Experimental results show that dropout can optimize the performances of the DNN models. The results can provide a resource for scholars in future studies involving the prediction of PPIs. The experimental code is available at https://github.com/smalltalkman/hppi-tensorflow .

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