Li2MnO3 component plays a key role in Li-rich Mn-based layered materials (mLi2MnO3·nLiMO2, M = Mn, Ni, Co, etc.) for achieving unusually high lithium storage capacity. However, detailed lithium storage mechanism in Li2MnO3, such as structure evolution and charge compensation are still not very clear. In this work, the redox mechanism, the delithiation process, the kinetics of lithium diffusion, and the oxygen stability of Li2MnO3 are investigated through density functional calculations. The ground-state Li/vacancy configurations of Li2–x MnO3(0 ≤ x ≤ 1) at five Li concentrations are determined, from which the delithiation potential is calculated as ∼4.6 V vs Li+/Li, and the charge compensation during Li removal is contributed mainly by oxygen. According to the Li/vacancy configuration in each ground state, the sequence of lithium removal is suggested from an energetic view. Both the Li+ in the lithium layer and in the transition-metal layer can be extracted. The first-principles molecular dynamics (FPMD) simulations indicate that the lithium layer is the main diffusion plane in this material, while the Li+ in the transition-metal LiMn2 layer can migrate into the lithium layer first, and then diffuse through the lithium plane or move back to the LiMn2 layer. The energy barriers of such migrations are in the range of 0.51–0.84 eV, according to the calculations with the nudged elastic band method. The release of O2 gas from Li2–x MnO3(0 ≤ x ≤ 1) happens spontaneously if x ≥ 0.5, from the point of view of enthalpy change. Further understanding on the evolution of oxygen in Li2–x MnO3 with x ≥ 0.5 is needed to find a way to stabilize the structure during electrochemical cycles.

The full static picture of Li storage in Li(4)Ti(5)O(12) is derived using the latest spherical aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy and first-principles calculations. The accommodation of the additional Li(+) is directly visualized and the distribution of electrons introduced by lithium insertion deduced. Moreover, Li(4)Ti(5)O(12) is found to transform into Li(7)Ti(5)O(12) on lithiation by developing a dislocation-free coherent hetero-interface.

Room-temperature sodium-ion batteries have shown great promise in large-scale energy storage applications for renewable energy and smart grid because of the abundant sodium resources and low cost. Although many interesting positive electrode materials with acceptable performance have been proposed, suitable negative electrode materials have not been identified and their development is quite challenging. Here we introduce a layered material, P2-Na 0.66 [Li 0.22 Ti 0.78 ]O 2 , as the negative electrode, which exhibits only B0.77% volume change during sodium insertion/extraction. The zero-strain characteristics ensure a potentially long cycle life. The electrode material also exhibits an average storage voltage of 0.75 V, a practical usable capacity of ca. 100 mAh g À 1 , and an apparent Na þ diffusion coefficient of 1 Â 10 À 10 cm À 2 s À 1 as well as the best cyclability for a negative electrode material in a half-cell reported to date. This contribution demonstrates that P2-Na 0.66 [Li 0.22 Ti 0.78 ]O 2 is a promising negative electrode material for the development of rechargeable long-life sodium-ion batteries.