With the rapid economic growth and urbanization, the environment is continuously degrading, and the problem of global warming caused by increasing carbon emissions has been highly highlighted. Utilizing panel data of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries from 1996 to 2018, this study aims to evaluate the effects of urbanization on carbon emissions and explore the transformative role of government effectiveness. To produce more accurate estimates, the approach of the feasible generalized least squares is employed, and the heteroskedastic and correlated errors are considered due to the significant differences among the OECD countries. The results suggest an inverted U-shaped nexus between urbanization and carbon emissions, and for most OECD countries, the enhancement of urbanization is positive to increase carbon emissions. Besides, urbanization positively contributes to government effectiveness. As a transformator, government effectiveness negatively contributes to the effects of urbanization on increasing carbon emissions. That is, with the advancement of government effectiveness, the positive role of urbanization in emitting more carbon dioxide will be transformed to help the OECD countries mitigate carbon emissions. Hence, the findings are informative for policymakers to take effective measures to accelerate the process of urbanization and formulate active measures to improve government effectiveness, thereby decreasing carbon emissions and further mitigating global warming.

Applying the panel data of 16 districts in Beijing, China from 2009 to 2020 as the research object, this study measures and analyzes the carbon emission intensity and the level of industrial structure upgrading. Based on the above results, a spatial econometric model is established to analyze the spatial spillover effect of industrial structure upgrading on carbon emission intensity. Conclusions are drawn as follows: (a) In 2009, 2015 and 2020, the carbon emission intensity in most districts of Beijing has decreased, and in some areas even decreased significantly. The upgrading of industrial structure in all districts has been improved (b). According to the results of spatial autocorrelation, the carbon emission intensity in Beijing shows significant positive spatial autocorrelation in 2009 and 2020, while negative spatial autocorrelation in 2015; The upgrading of industrial structure in Beijing shows significant positive spatial autocorrelation in 2009, 2015 and 2020 (c). The regression results of the spatial econometric model show that industrial structure upgrading not only reduces the carbon emission intensity of the region, but also decreases the carbon emission intensity of the surrounding areas.

Forest products trade has a critical role to play in both global economic development and environmental protection. Based on the trade data of global forest products, raw forest products and processed forest products from 2000 to 2020, this paper constructed a trade network and analyzed its pattern by using indicators such as density, average distance, out-strength and in-strength. The results show that from 2000 to 2020, the global trade network of forest products has been increasingly connected. Compared with the trade of raw material forest products, the trade network of processed forest products is more closely connected and its transport efficiency is higher. Countries with high GDP such as USA, China and Germany are leading trading countries in forest products. Countries with abundant forest resources are the major exporters of raw forest products while Labor - and capital abundant countries are major exporters of processed forest products. Countries with abundant labor and capital and high GDP are the main importers of raw forest products.

Private enterprises have played a more and more important role in Chinese economy. However, following their increasingly outstanding achievements for China's GDP, a sharp problem of lack of corporate social responsibilities (CSR) of private enterprises comes out and impedes sustainable development for both Chinese private enterprises and the economy at large. The paper aims to present the current status of CSR implementation by Chinese private enterprises and figure out why the Chinese private enterprises need to implement CSR during their business operation and management; what kind of methods and policies they can apply in order to fulfill their CSR strategy and goals; how they can improve their CSR performance through sustainable CSR management. For this purpose the paper analyzes the case of Wenzhou CSR Public Private Partnership Project which was launched by Sino-German CSR Project in 2008 and evaluates the CSR implementation of ten Wenzhou pilot companies. Based on their experiences and lessons, some findings and conclusions to improve CSR implementation are addressed.