Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common cause of acute medical hospital admission, and the prevalence of undiagnosed COPD in the community is high. The impact of undiagnosed COPD on presentation to secondary care services is not currently known. We therefore set out to characterise patients at first admission with an acute exacerbation of COPD, and to identify potential areas for improvement in earlier diagnosis and further management. A retrospective case review of patients first admitted to a district teaching hospital with an acute exacerbation of COPD over a 1-year period was carried out. Forty-one patients with a first admission with an acute exacerbation of COPD were identified, 14 (34%) of whom had not been previously diagnosed and were diagnosed with COPD as a result of the admission. At presentation, this group of patients had severe disease, with mean (SD) FEV(1) 1.02 (0.32) L, and a respiratory acidosis in eight (20%) patients, even though this was their first admission for an acute exacerbation of COPD. Missed potential opportunities to intervene in community and inpatient management were identified, including earlier diagnosis, pre-hospital corticosteroid therapy, inpatient respiratory team input, provision of smoking cessation advice and consideration of pulmonary rehabilitation. Patients with a first hospital admission with an acute exacerbation of COPD frequently have severe disease at presentation. Despite having severe disease, a diagnosis of COPD had not been made in the community prior to admission in one-third of patients. Future work should be directed at earlier identification of patients who are symptomatic from COPD and ensuring that the interventions of proven benefit in COPD are systematically offered to patients in both primary and secondary care.

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Background: Hydatid disease is a zoonotic infection caused by a parasitic infestation by a tapeworm, Echinococcus, most commonly involving the liver and lungs. Subcutaneous site involvement is rare and has been reported in 1.6% of cases till date. Case presentation: We present a 45-year-old male with a swelling in the right axillary region for years with a recent increase in size and association with fever and pain. The patient was diagnosed as hydatid cyst intraoperatively treated with complete surgical excision and standard medical therapy with an anthelmintic drug, albendazole. Conclusion: Hydatid cyst should be considered as a differential diagnosis in subcutaneous cysts to avoid rupture, subsequent anaphylactic reactions, and recurrence.