This paper summarizes an approach of Sliding Mode Control, which can be used for a width class of nonlinear chemical processes. The controller was synthesized from an empirical model of the process. The designed controller was developed for minimum phase systems and presents a fixed structure and can be tuned based on the characteristic parameters of the model. A proposed implementation scheme is shown. The designed controller was tested for minimum and nonminimum phase systems, as well as for integrating and MIMO systems in different experimental conditions (i.e., disturbances, noise, modeling errors). The designed controller had shown good performance for the different kind of systems and conditions. [S0022-0434(00)01504-5]
Las oscilaciones amortiguadas de un péndulo simple utilizando una cámara digital, como un caso de innovación en la enseñanza de la físicaThe damped oscillations of a simple pendulum using a digital camera, as a case of innovation in the teaching of physics RESUMENEl péndulo es un experimento clásico, de enorme valor pedagógico, fácil de realizar y proporciona datos con equipo muy simple. En el presente trabajo se propone la utilización de una cámara digital en un experimento de laboratorio para determinar la ecuación de movimiento de un péndulo simple amortiguado. La frecuencia angular natural y coeficiente de amortiguamiento son y ωo = 4,6889 rad/s y γ = 0,0018 s -1 , respectivamente. Como parámetro de control se utilizó la aceleración de la gravedad, la que resultó de 9,77 m/s 2 , en excelente concordancia con la reportada en la literatura especializada, que para el caso de Trujillo, es 9,78 m/s 2 . La utilización de la fotografía digital y de los programas de ordenador adecuados permite estudiar el movimiento de una lenteja oscilante bajo la aceleración de la gravedad y en presencia de aire en reposo con gran precisión, lo que conduce a la determinación de los parámetros que determinan su dinámica. La técnica es de gran versatilidad y puede ser utilizada en el estudio de otros fenómenos.Palabras clave: péndulo; frecuencia angular natural; coeficiente de amortiguamiento. ABSTRACTThe pendulum is a classic experiment, of enormous pedagogical value, easy to perform and provides data with very simple equipment. In the present work we propose the use of a digital camera in a laboratory experiment to determine the equation of motion of a simple damped pendulum. The natural angular frequency and damping coefficient are y ωo = 4,6889 rad / s and γ = 0.0018 s -1, respectively. As a control parameter, the acceleration of gravity was used, which resulted from 9,77 m / s2, in excellent agreement with the one reported in the specialized literature, which for Trujillo's case is 9,78 m / s2. The use of digital photography and the appropriate computer programs allows the study of the movement of an oscillating lens under acceleration of gravity and in the presence of air at rest with great precision, which leads to the determination of the parameters that determine its dynamic. The technique is highly versatile and can be used in the study of other phenomena.
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