The seasonal variations and the interactions of the water masses in the tropical Pacific off central Mexico (TPCM) and four surrounding areas were examined based on an extensive new hydrographic database. The regional water masses were redefined in terms of absolute salinity (S A ) and conservative temperature (Q) according to the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS-10). Hydrographic data and the evaporation minus (precipitation 1 runoff) balance were used to investigate the origin and seasonality of two salinity minima in the area. The shallow (50-100 m) salinity minimum originates with the California Current System and becomes saltier as it extends southeastward and mixes with tropical subsurface waters while the surface salinity minimum extends farther north in the TPCM in summer and fall because of the northward advection of tropical surface waters. The interactions between water masses allow a characterization of the seasonal pattern of circulation of the Mexican Coastal Current (MCC), the tropical branch of the California Current, and the flows through the entrance of the Gulf of California. The seasonality of the MCC inferred from the distribution of the water masses largely coincides with the geostrophic circulation forced by an annual Rossby wave.

Most of the available hydrographic data (1939–1988) from the Gulf of California are used to describe the seasonal cycle of heat storage in the upper 400 m of water. The seasonal cycle of surface heat flux is obtained by using the sea surface temperature from the hydrographic data bank and meteorological data from coastal stations along the gulf. Monthly values of surface heat flux and heat storage are fitted to a mean value plus an annual harmonic. The longitudinal (i.e., along‐gulf) heat flux is then obtained by integrating the difference between the rate of change of heat storage and the surface heat flux. It is found that the surface heat flux has a positive (into the sea) annual mean all along the gulf; the average annual net surface heat flux for the whole gulf being ∼118 W m−2. The southern part of the gulf gains more heat (∼130 W m−2) than the northern part (∼100 W m−2), owing to the larger loss by evaporation in the latter (∼0.6 m/yr versus ∼1 m/yr) caused by lower humidity and stronger winds. These values are in agreement with previous estimates for the northern gulf. The amplitude of the seasonal signal shows a maximum of ∼230 W m−2 in the central part. Winter heat losses occur only from the middle of the gulf, the Guaymas Basin, to its head. There is a strong annual signal superimposed on the average longitudinal heat flux, whose amplitude is larger than the annual harmonic of the surface heat flux. Input of heat from the Pacific Ocean occurs from mid‐March to mid‐July, with a maximum at the mouth in May (21×1012 W). Attempts to explain this flux by diffusive processes were unsuccessful. The proposition that advection is the main longitudinal heat carrier is congruent with the generally accepted circulation patterns.

RESUMENSe describe la variabilidad estacional en la entrada al Golfo de California utilizando datos de CTD en una sección a través de la entrada al golfo, la cual fue ocupada en ocho ocasiones entre 1992 y 1998. Se encontró que la variabilidad decrece rápidamente debajo de los 100 dbar; las desviaciones estándar mayores que 0.5ºC y 0.05 para temperatura y salinidad, respectivamente, fueron confinadas a la capa superior de 150 dbar. El campo medio de salinidad fue asimétrico, con aguas de menor salinidad (S <34.6) entre 25 y 75 dbar cerca de Sinaloa y aguas de mayor salinidad (S > 34.8) arriba de 50 dbar y entre 100 y 150 dbar cerca de Baja California. En la capa superior de 50 dbar se observó una termoclina estacional sobre la cual las temperaturas superficiales cambiaron de 21ºC en febrero a 31ºC en agosto. Debajo de los 100 dbar, la temperatura a una presión dada fue típicamente más fría en el centro de la sección, indicando flujo ciclónico (flujo de entrada al golfo cerca de Sinaloa y de salida del golfo cerca de Baja California). El enfriamiento subsuperficial en la mitad de la sección del golfo (flujo ciclónico) fue más fuerte durante el invierno y la primavera, época cuando el intercambio de calor entre el golfo y el Océano Pacífico es mayor. No se observó el calentamiento subsuperficial en la parte media de la sección que corresponde a un flujo anticiclónico. La distribución temporal y espacial de las masas de agua de mayor salinidad sugieren que los intercambios de calor se dan por la alternancia de flujos de entrada y salida de masas de agua de mayor temperatura (superficial) y menor temperatura (subsuperficial).

No abstract

[1] The thermohaline structure, circulation, and heat fluxes in the Gulf of California entrance during June 2004 are described based on conductivity-temperature-depth and Lowering Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler data collected in a 14-day survey, supported by satellite data. The AVHRR images show extensive mesoscale structures in the region, the most striking being (1) a cool filament extending from the California Current domain and (2) a warm intrusion along the mainland shelf. On the warm side of the thermal front created by the cool filament there was a strong current flowing into the Gulf, with speeds up to 0.70 ms À1 in the surface; this current, which the SST images suggest was associated with a decaying eddy, carried 6 Sv into the Gulf. Associated with the second structure, there was an ingoing coastal current on the mainland shelf, with weak surface currents but with speeds $0.25 ms À1 at its core, between 70 and 200 m; this coastal current transported 2 Sv into the Gulf. The two ingoing currents appear to join inside the Gulf, forming a very strong (speeds 0.40-0.80 ms À1) narrow ($30 km) coastal current between the surface and 500 m depth. Changes in the thermohaline structure of the upper layers observed by repeat sampling of three cross sections were dominated by advection. However, it was found that the advective heat flux is very variable in space and time. For the period of observation it was estimated that the lateral heat input was 4.8 ± 3.0 Â 10 5 Wm À2 as estimated with LADCP currents and 5.7 ± 2.20 Â 10 5 Wm À2 with geostrophic velocities.