Our findings showed that temporal bone CT was helpful in determining addition of mastoidectomy and the presence of soft tissue in the antrum was associated with large ABG.

Orbital wall fractures result from external impact injuries which cause an abrupt increase in intraorbital pressure.1 Patients usually present to the emergency room with periorbital swelling and limited eye movements, with or without changes in vision.  Relatively common in the Philippines, these fractures are frequently caused by violent assault followed by vehicular accidents involving motorcycles.2  Among 119 maxillofacial trauma cases seen and treated by the Department of Otorhinolaryngology of the East Avenue Medical Center from 2008-2009, 42 were diagnosed as cases of orbital fractures with 36% having concomitant involvement of the orbital floor.  Various techniques in diagnosis and treatment developed in the past 20 years, each having its own strengths and weaknesses.  The challenge of choosing which among these methods will best achieve the goals of function and aesthetics always confronts surgeons, particularly in a developing country setting.                We present a case of bilateral orbital floor fractures with diplopia repaired with conchal auricular cartilage graft in a 22 year old female.   CASE REPORT             A 22 year old female was immediately brought to our emergency room following a head-on collision with an Asian utility vehicle while driving a motorcycle without a helmet.  She was conscious and coherent with stable vital signs.             On examination, contusion hematomas were noted over both periorbital areas.  Visual acuity was 20/30 OD and 20/40 OS with bilateral limitations of extraocular muscle movement.  Bilateral ocular pressures were measured at 14.6 mmHg.  Craniofacial CT Scans revealed linear frontal bone fractures with subdural hemorrhages and pneumocephalus in the frontal area, fractures of the calvarial bones, lateral orbital walls, inferior orbital rims and orbital floors (Figure 1).  A mannitol drip was started for the hemorrhage.             She developed a persistent headache and binocular vertical diplopia with monocular diplopia, OS on the left gaze accompanied by pain on lateral left duction.  Visual acuity was 20/25 OU. On the 17th hospital day, she underwent open reduction and internal fixation of multiple facial fractures using titanium plates and screws with reconstruction of both orbital floors using conchal cartilage autografts.  The right eye diplopia resolved on the third postoperative day while the diplopia on left lateral downward gaze in the left eye resolved from the ninth postoperative day until the day of discharge.             There was complete resolution of diplopia and improvement in visual acuity to 20/20 OD and 20/25 OS on follow up at one year. DICUSSION             Orbital floor fractures are relatively common midfacial injuries encountered in urban areas2 and were first described by Smith and Regan in 1957.1 Since then, many articles have been written about their diagnosis and treatment, including indications and optimal time for surgery as well as optimal surgical methods.1 Epidemiological studies reveal that despite different settings, the majority of cases involve the young male population with violent assault as the most prominent etiology accounting for 37.8% of orbital blowout fractures; motor vehicle accidents came in at second with 17.6%.; with the remaining fractures resulting from athletics (14.1%).2 To our knowledge, local reports have not been published but similarities in profile can be deduced.             Orbital floor fractures, also known as blowout fractures, imply that the orbital rims have remained intact, whereas one or more walls of the orbit, typically the floor has fractured.3 Orbital floor fractures can be classified into pure and impure according to extent of bone involvement (Table 1).  Pure blowout fractures are fractures of the floor not involving the rim while impure blowout fractures have rim extension.3 Pure orbital floor fractures are further classified as trapdoor or non-trapdoor. Trapdoor fractures are those in which either edge of the inferior orbital wall is attached to its original position, while non-trapdoor fractures are those in which the inferior orbital wall is completely separated from its original position and the periorbital tissue has prolapsed into the maxillary sinus1 (Figure 2). These fractures can be also be classified by location: anterior, posterior and anteroposterior1,4 (Figure 3).  Our patient presented with non trapdoor type orbital floor fractures measuring 10 x 4 mm on the right and 10 x 5mm on the left.             Patients with orbital floor fractures often complain of blurred vision and pain on eye movement.  Physical examination also elicits diplopia, accompanying limitation of eye movement and enophthalmos on the affected side. These signs and symptoms are due to (1) herniation of orbital contents with concomitant partial atrophy of extraocular muscles and to (2) an increase in the volume of the orbital cavity with possible compression of the optic nerve.4 Because of these features, orbital floor fractures are classified as both Otorhinolaryngologic and Ophthalmologic emergencies that warrant immediate surgical treatment especially if the patient presents with blurred vision.3,5             Confirmatory imaging studies help locate and assess the extent of orbital floor injury.  These include radiographs and computed tomography of the facial bones.  The commonly used radiograph is the chin-to-nose or Water’s view.  This gives a view of the whole orbital area and may reveal a pathognomonic “tear drop” sign, seen as an elliptical opacity underneath the inferior orbital rim, that represents orbital contents, usually orbital fat, that herniated through the fracture.1,3 However, facial computed tomography is still the most useful imaging tool in assessing orbital floor fractures.1,2,3,4  It is usually requested without contrast using 3 different cuts: coronal, axial and sagittal.   Coronal cuts reveal discontinuity of the inferior orbital rims with concomitant soft tissue sublaxation;  axial cuts present the extent of areas involved while sagittal cuts help locate if the fracture is anterior, posterior or anteroposterior.1,4              The goal of surgical repair in orbital floor fractures is two-fold: to reposition herniated orbital fat and tissue back in the orbit; and to reconstruct the traumatic defect.4   Approaches are via open surgery (subciliary or transconjunctival) or endoscopic (transantral), (Table 2).  The open transorbital approach is currently regarded as the mainstream method for reduction of blowout fractures of the inferior orbital wall. It is useful for releasing incarcerated soft tissue, as dissecting all soft tissue around the fracture area is necessary.1 Post operative complications include ectropion and unsightly scars, but these rarely occur in the hands of experienced surgeons.5    Endoscopic repair, usually via a transantral approach, can provide surgeons with several advantages over conventional external repair. These include excellent visualization of the medial and inferior walls of the orbit; easy access to maxillary bone (avoiding or minimizing use of intraocular alloplastic implants); virtual elimination of significantly visible facial scarring and eyelid complications; and performing the procedure under local anesthesia, making intra-operative evaluation of ocular movements and diplopia possible.5,6  A transorbital approach has the advantage of releasing incarcerated orbital tissue, while, in contrast, simply lifting the orbital tissue upward in a transantral approach may aggravate the incarceration1 (Table 2). In this patient, the open approach was used because a mid-facial de-gloving was necessary to access other fractures. The repair of orbital floor fractures involves many techniques, and adequate knowledge and skill is needed to perform any of these techniques employing careful judgment and analysis in formulating a plan that will fit the patient’s needs.  As a general principle, the orbital complex is reconstructed by aligning its fractured parts with adjacent stabilized or intact structures.10  Familiarity with the complex shape of the orbital walls is important in repair.  In the case of the orbital floor, it gently concaves inferolaterally, turning convex medially to posteriorly, assuming an S-shape configuration. 1,3  The posterior part of the floor is farthest from the inferior orbital rim with the infraorbital nerve coursing thru it makes it vulnerable and weak to the extensive forces absorbed when applied into the orbital area.1,3,10  This explains why posterior orbital floor fractures occur as non-trapdoor types and are difficult to expose.  The orbital contents are positioned accurately and precisely into the orbit making any change in volume affect eye function.    It is important to assess eye function first as it may give the examiner an idea of the extent of injury to the orbital floor.  Indications for repair include diplopia, nonresolving oculocardiac reflex with entrapment (bradycardia, heartblock vomiting, nausea and syncope), fracture involving >50% of the orbital floor, and early enophthalmos or hypoglobus causing facial asymmetry.11 These signs and symptoms elicited during physical examination with documentation of the location of fracture through diagnostic imaging warrant early repair since herniated soft orbital tissue can atrophy within 2-3 weeks post trauma.4             The types of grafts/implants used to span the defects of orbital floor fractures are divided into alloplastic and autogenous implants7 (Table 3).  Autogenous grafts include bone, cartilage, and fascia. Alloplastic implants can be divided into nonabsorbable types, such as those made of silicone, polytef, hydroxyapatite, tantalum mesh, or titanium, and absorbable types, including those made of polyglactin or gel film. Repair of the orbital floor defect is mandatory if the defect measures at least 50% of the size of the orbital floor bone. The ideal implant must be nonreactive, provide good structural support, be easily positioned, and be readily available.1,2,3,4 In this case the surgeon utilized conchal cartilage grafts.  This graft can be used in repairing defects as large as 2 x 2mm.  It advantages over other autogenous grafts include having a shape similar to the orbital floor, ease of harvest, malleability and limited morbidity at the donor site.4          Autogenous tissue grafts, i.e. bone or cartilage, are preferred over alloplastic grafts in the repair of isolated orbital fractures similar to this case.10 Grafts (especially bone) should be secured to avoid displacement or migration and improve graft survival.  Complete dissection of the fracture is necessary to identity the intact bone on all side of the fracture since these will be used as alignments when placing the graft.  In the case of an orbital floor fracture, the posterior portion of the intact bone will serve as a guide to internal orbital reconstruction.  The graft should be placed in inclined position just behind the inferior orbital rim to reach the intact posterior bone.3,10  Placing the graft based on correct anatomic position during reconstruction is of more significance rather than using the globe position as basis in volume restoration.10  It is a must to perform duction tests following graft placements and compare these to baseline duction test prior to surgery.9,10 This will help the surgeon distinguish if  the stiff duction test is caused by edema from impingement of the musculofibrous ligament system by the graft material.10             . Acknowledgement The authors would like to thank Dr Natividad Almazan and Dr. Felix Nolasco for their encouragement and support; and the resident doctors of the Department of ORL-HNS for their help in making this paper.                

Objective:  To report a rare case of upper airway obstruction from multiple pharyngeal masses due to nasopharyngeal tuberculosis in a 22-year-old male. Methods: Design:  Case Report Setting:  Tertiary Government Hospital Patient:  One   Result: A 22-year-old Filipino male with upper airway obstruction from multiple pharyngeal masses was diagnosed to have nasopharyngeal tuberculosis by histopathology. He improved after six months of anti-tuberculosis medications. Conclusion: Tuberculosis should not be overlooked in the differential diagnoses of nasopharyngeal masses because of the difference in its management, and swift and adequate cure, compared to other nasopharyngeal pathologies. Keywords:  tuberculosis, nasopharynx, mycobacteria, hypopharyngeal mass, upper airway obstruction

Primary tumors of the parapharyngeal area are rare and account for 0.5% of all head and neck tumors.1,2 Among these, 80% are benign while 20% are malignant.2  Next to schwannomas, neurofibromas are the second most commonly encountered primary tumor of nerve sheath origin in the parapharyngeal space but incidence and prevalence rates have not been documented among pediatric patients.3,4 Plexiform neurofibromas in particular pose a surgical challenge in pediatric patients. Careful preoperative planning, advanced surgical techniques, and vigilant postoperative care result in minimal morbidity and resolution of tumor symptomatology.5               Although complete surgical resection is ideal for all (especially benign) parapharyngeal tumors,4 the dilemma of complete versus partial resection arises when massive size increases the possibility of neurological dysfunction and cosmetic deformity from damage to adjacent cranial nerves and sympathetic chain fibers.6               We present the management dilemma involving a neurofibroma of the parapharyngeal space in a pediatric patient. CASE REPORT             A 9 year old female consulted with a 5 year history of a right infraauricular mass with concomitant soft palatal swelling. A tonsillectomy had been previously performed in another institution, with note of the “mass extension at the right posterior tonsillar pillar bulging over the posterior pharyngeal wall.” The histopathologic report was “chronic hypertrophic tonsil; plexiform neurofibroma,” but the patient did not follow up, and no further intervention took place until progressive enlargement of the infraauricular and soft palatal swelling prompted this consultation at our institution.             On examination, a firm non-tender 6 x 5 x 4 cm tumor in the right parotid region with medial displacement of the right lateral pharyngeal wall and soft palate were noted (Figure 1 A,B), together with an open bite deformity and whitish non-foul smelling discharge from the right external auditory canal.  No cranial nerve deficits, café au late spots or lisch nodules were noted.             Contrast Computed Tomography (Figure 2) further revealed the mass extending anteriorly to the right post styloid space, superomedially to the inferior maxillary wall and posteriorly to the prevertebral space.  The parotid was displaced laterally and the carotid artery and jugular vein, displaced posteriorly.              A wedge biopsy of the soft palate extension revealed neurofibroma. DISCUSSION             Primary tumors of the parapharyngeal space are extremely rare.2 A search of HERDIN, PubMed and Cochrane using the keywords parapharyngeal, neurofibroma, and pediatrics, yielded no locally-reported cases among children.               Neurofibromas ranked second among neuroblastic tumors that occur in the parapharyngeal space.2  Plexiform neurofibromas (PNs) are typically congenital, with approximately 50% occurring in the region of the head, neck,  face, and larynx.6 The growth pattern has not been fully understood, but they appear to grow in early childhood at variable rates with growth and plateau phases. Plexiform neurofibromas tend to be locally invasive and may result in cosmetic deformities and functional deficits. Our patient has a noncutaneous plexiform neurofibroma but did not meet the criteria for the diagnosis of neurofibromatosis I.                          The ideal treatment for parapharyngeal neurofibromas or schwanommas is surgery,5,7,8 aiming to completely remove tumor with preservation of surrounding nerves and vessels.5  Approaches, which depend on tumor size and localization, include the transparotid (commonly used for deep-lobe parotid and other pre styloid tumors); the transcervical (for post styloid tumors); and combinations of both.7,8,9  A mandibulotomy may be added to increase exposure, but poses risk of injury to the inferior alveolar nerve while providing access to the parapharyngeal space.    The goal of complete excision without damaging the vagus, trigeminal, brachial plexus and sympathetic nerves or violating the carotid artery and jugular vein that may result in such complications as facial nerve weakness (trigeminal nerve), Horner’s syndrome (cervical sympathetic nerve chain), median and ulnar nerve impairment (cervical and brachial nerve plexus), excessive bleeding (carotid artery and jugular vein) is easier said  than done.5 Further complications of a possible mandibulotomy include inferior alveolar nerve anesthesia, loss of dentition, malocclusion, malunion or nonunion and possible need for a tracheotomy.7  These complications will greatly affect the quality of life and functions of the patient in exchange for removal of a benign tumor that is presently not causing any such problems (except for otitis media possibly related to Eustachian tube compression). On the other hand, tumor enlargement may eventually cause greater problems if surgery is not performed now.  If the tumor were small, resection would not have been as much a problem.8              Chemotherapy has been considered for such large tumors where surgical complications are likely, based on findings that desmoid tumors are similar to plexiform neurfibromas.  Current trials with such agents as combination methotrexate and vinblastine focus on slowing or stopping progression of existing disease.5,6  Farnesyl transferase inhibitors are also being considered as alternative chemotherapeutic agents due to high levels of this enzyme found in these tumors.6  Other drugs being tested but with limited efficacy are interferon alfa, with or without retinoic acid and thalidomide.10               A pilot study on the possible use of radiofequency in the treatment of head and neck neurofibromatosis done among five pediatric patients in early stages of the disease revealed partial diminution and stability of the mass.10   However, further studies are suggested to determine the optimal dose, frequency of sessions and possible complications.               We plan to attempt complete excision of the neurofibroma via a combined transparotid-transcervical approach with mandibulotomy and possible reconstruction using titanium plates and screws.  Post operative mandibular and occlusion rehabilitation is also being considered as the orthognathic structures have already been deformed and malaligned by the mass.    The management of huge parapharyngeal tumors is complicated indeed.  Important factors such as quality of life, age and emotional effects on the patient must be considered as equally important as extirpating the whole tumor itself. We must find the balance between helping remove the burden of an enlarging mass while preserving the good quality of life our patient deserves.   Acknowledgement The author would like to acknowledge the help, guidance and support of Consultant Doctors Angelo Monroy, Natividad Almazan and Felix Nolasco and Resident Doctors of the Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery of the East Avenue Medical Center.