Graphene, attributable to its exceptional electrical, chemical, physical, mechanical, thermal, structural, and optical characteristics, has evolved into a remarkable and revolutionary substance with which scientists are tinkering and molding its various forms. Currently, as greener resources are more approachable, for environmental and human health reasons, researchers are now employing diverse forms of natural resources, such as plant resources (flowers, wood, leaves, etc.), edibles (fruits, vegetables, cookies, chocolate, coffee, tea, etc.), biowaste, or any other kind of natural resources, by using different methods for their synthesis, such as the hydrothermal method, chemical vapor deposition, thermal exfoliation, freeze-drying, and so on, for framing different forms of graphene or its hybrids or even for the synthesis of graphene itself. In this review, we highlight several natural resources along with the biowaste materials to fabricate widely approachable graphenes which can also be transformed into different forms to make them more environmentally protected. We included here the safer synthetic processes, as well as many sectors where graphene and its various forms have intriguing potential. Future graphene research is anticipating new paths as the demand for the protection of the environment and sustainable alternatives is increasing.

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This study reports the synthesis of copper–zinc binary oxide coupled cadmium tungstate through a simple bio-precipitation method followed by calcination at 600 °C and its adsorption application. The characterization analysis reveals that the prepared composite has low particles size (nano-range), high porosity, and functional groups on the surface. The calcination of sample at 600 °C causes some essential function groups to disappear on the surface. Prepared composite was found to be effective adsorptive material to treat Congo red dye in aqueous solution. 2.5 g L−1 dose of adsorbent could remove more than 99% Congo red dye from 10 mg L−1 solution and more than 80% Congo red dye from 60 mg L−1 aqueous solution. The maximum adsorption capacity of present adsorbent was calculated to be 19.6 mg Congo red per gram of adsorbent. Isotherms analysis suggested a physio-chemical adsorption process. Thermodynamic analysis revealed a exothermic and feasible adsorption process. Adsorption rate was well explained by pseudo second order kinetics. The rate determining step was intra-particle diffusion evaluated from the Weber-Morris plot. To assess the adsorption performance of present adsorbent for Congo red dye the partition coefficient and adsorption equilibrium capacity were compared with other adsorbents. The partition coefficient and adsorption equilibrium values for 10 mg L−1 aqueous solution were found to be approximately 83.3 mg g−1 µM−1 and 4.0 mg g−1 at 30 °C and 7.0 pH using 2.5 g L−1 adsorbent. The value of partition coefficient was found to be higher than previous reported zinc oxide coupled cadmium tungstate having partition coefficient = as 21.4 mg g−1 µM−1 at 30 °C and 7.0 pH using 2.0 g L−1 adsorbent. These results suggested that present adsorption technology is efficient for wastewater treatment.

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