Background: The incidence of obesity has increased to pandemic proportions over the last 20 years. Obesity is a chronic illness which is associated with metabolic disease, nutritional deficiency, musculoskeletal complications and carcinomas. The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the maternal and perinatal outcome in patients with BMI 20-24.9 kg/m2 (normal), with BMI 25-29.9 kg/m2 (overweight) and with BMI >30 kg/m2 (obese).Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 300 singleton pregnant women with gestational age>37 weeks with cephalic presentation. The selected women were categorized into three groups of 100 each according to their BMI: Category I included normal women (BMI 20-24.9 kg/m2), Category II included overweight women (BMI 25-29.9 kg/m2) and Category III included obese women (BMI >30 kg/m2).Results: There was increased incidence of antepartum complications in obese women. The difference in the occurrence of pre-eclampsia among the three categories was statistically significant (p=0.001). Similarly, more obese women had eclampsia (5%) and gestational diabetes mellitus (6%) as compared to overweight and normal women and the difference was statistically significant in both these complications (p=0.02 for each). The risk of induction of labour was highest in obese women and so was the incidence of caesarean and instrumental deliveries and the difference was statistically significant. The difference in the onset of labour as well as mode of delivery among the three categories was statistically significant (p<0.05). In perinatal outcomes, the difference in mean birth weight of the babies among three categories was statistically significant (p<0.0001). The difference in incidence of low birth weight (<2.5 kg) as well as macrosomia (>4 kg) among babies of three BMI categories was statistically significant (p<0.05). The difference in the incidence of NICU admissions was statistically significant (p=0.02).Conclusions: Obesity is an independent risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes and hence preventable steps should be taken for reducing the maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality.

Background: Birth of healthy term baby depends on normal placenta. IUGR is a condition associated with placental insufficiency. There is a close relationship between IUGR and placental qualitative changes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the morphological and histological changes in placentas of IUGR fetuses and in placentas of normal uncomplicated pregnancies and to determine the relationship that exists between morphological change and frequency of IUGR.Methods: In a cross sectional study conducted in the department of Pathology, GMC Jammu, a total of 60 placenta were received, 30 placenta of IUGR fetus (group 1-case) and 30 placenta of uncomplicated pregnancy with normal single fetus (group 2-control). Exclusion criteria: Twin pregnancy, gestational hypertension, diabetes, congenital anomaly, antepartum hemorrhage and systemic disorder.Results: Placental weights in IUGR group were significantly lower than control group. Average placental weight in IUGR group was 425 gms while in the control group (normal placenta) it was 550 gms. Infarction, intervillous thrombosis, chorionic villitis, hemorrhagic endovasculitis, placental intravascular thrombi, perivillous fibrin deposition, fibrinoid necrosis and villous edema were found to be more common in IUGR group (Group 1-case group) than Normal (Group 2- control group).Conclusions: This study highlightened that significant pathological differences were found between the placentas of IUGR fetus and normal fetus. The gross and microscopic measurement of a placenta is a good way to get proper information about IUGR and helps in management of the pregnancy.

BACKGROUND Pap stain is an excellent method to review the cytological specimen; however, it is time consuming and costly. Various modifications have been developed in Pap stain of which latest is Modified Ultrafast Pap (MUFP) stain which is hybrid of the technique by Romanowsky and conventional Pap stain to reduce the staining time to 90 seconds. AIM Aim of this study was to assess the feasibility and applicability of MUFP stain in fine needle aspiration smears of various organs. MATERIAL AND METHODS This prospective study was carried out in the cytopathology laboratory of GMC, Jammu for a period of 6 months from December 2015 to May 2016. A total no of 200 specimens were collected. The samples included 80 lymph node aspiration samples, 40 thyroid FNA samples, 50 breast FNA samples, 25 soft tissue aspirations and 5 salivary gland aspirations. Two smears were kept for fixation in 95% ethanol for staining with standard Pap stain and 2 were air dried for MUFP staining. RESULTS A correct diagnosis was achieved in all the cases. Background was similar in both staining methods. However, well-preserved cell morphology, crisp nuclear outline, good overall staining were well seen with MUFP method when compared with the standard Pap method. CONCLUSION The findings of this study support the use of MUFP method in cytology laboratory over standard Pap method.

BACKGROUNDLymphadenopathy is one of the commonest clinical presentations among the paediatric age group. Evaluation of a child with lymphadenopathy is a common clinical scenario for the paediatricians and poses a diagnostic challenge. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is the first line of investigation for any individual with significant lymphadenopathy. To evaluate the role of FNAC in establishing the aetiology of lymphadenopathy in children. To study the different cytomorphological patterns associated with various lymphadenopathies. MATERIALS AND METHODSThis study was carried out on paediatric patients (infants and children aged 1 year to 18 years) presented with significant peripheral lymphadenopathy referred for FNAC to the Department of Pathology, at Government Medical College, Jammu, for a period of three years. This includes a retrospective study conducted from November 1, 2014 to October 31, 2016 and prospective study from November 1, 2016 to October 31, 2017. FNAC was carried out in all cases on significant lymph nodes and aspirated materials was smeared and sent to laboratory, various stains were used for staining cytological smears. RESULTSFine needle aspiration cytology results, in 465 cases of lymphadenopathies, have been collected over a period of three years. The spectrum of cytomorphological diagnosis consisted of reactive hyperplasia (69.46%), tuberculosis lymphadenitis (24.73%), acute suppurative lymphadenitis (2.58%), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (2.37%), Hodgkin's lymphoma (0.22%), Rosai-Dorfman Disease (0.43%), and Langerhans cell histiocytosis (0.22%). Reactive lymphadenitis was found to be the most common cause of lymphadenopathy in 6 to 10 years of age group and tuberculous lymphadenitis was most common in 11 to 18 years of age group. Males show preponderance of reactive hyperplasia (78.65%), while tuberculosis lymphadenitis showed a female preponderance (39.67%). Males and females were equally involved in Rosai-Dorfman disease. CONCLUSIONFNAC is a very useful diagnostic tool in diagnosis of enlarged lymph nodes. Tuberculous lymphadenitis can be easily diagnosed by FNAC based on cytomorphology and ZN stain. However, limitations of FNAC should be kept in mind and histopathologic examination should be used in doubtful cases.