We herein report a rare case of LUMBAR syndrome. A 1-month-old female infant presented with extensive segmental hemangiomas on the left lower extremity, left perineum and gluteal region with ulceration. Bilateral labia minoras were asymmetrical. Both legs were asymmetrical with left leg atrophy, and the intergluteal cleft was deviated. A dark red pustule and a sacrococcygeal dimple could be seen in the lumbosacral region. Lipomyelomeningocele, tethered cord and sacrum dysplasia were noted by magnetic resonance imaging. The patient was found to have an absent left kidney at 32 weeks of pregnancy. Eventually, we draw the diagnosis of LUMBAR syndrome. In addition, we discuss the clinical manifestation, diagnosis, treatment and pathogenesis by a review of published work.

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Globalization promotes huge amount of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners.Effective and efficient measurements of English literacy become more and more necessary.Traditional assessments are usually carried out in the form of formal assessments which are prolonged, cost inefficient and unnecessary for most of the learners. It is important to identify an efficient and effective measurement of English literacy for EFL learners who do not live in an English environment and/or whose second language is not English. In this paper, through literature review and analysis on the existing learning assessment on EFL, 'Effective Exposure Time' (EET) is proposed as a measurement of EFL students' learning from the social learning aspect. The EET is defined under the social learning theory as the exposure time in the formal and informal learning environments on learning comprehension (reading and listening) and production (writing and speaking) of EFL from the more knowledgeable others (teachers and non-teachers) in the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD). By using the EET, EFL learning can be assessed efficiently and effectively.

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