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Background The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of scalp nerve block (SNB) and local anesthetic infiltration (LA) with 0.75% ropivacaine on postoperative inflammatory response, intraoperative hemodynamic response, and postoperative pain control in patients undergoing craniotomy. Methods Fifty-seven patients were admitted for elective craniotomy for surgical clipping of a cerebral aneurysm. They were randomly divided into three groups: Group S (SNB with 15 mL of 0.75% ropivacaine), group I (LA with 15 mL of 0.75% ropivacaine) and group C (that only received routine intravenous analgesia). Pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in plasma for 72 h postoperatively, hemodynamic response to skin incision, and postoperative pain intensity were measured. Results The SNB with 0.75% ropivacaine not only decreased IL-6 levels in plasma 6 h after craniotomy but also decreased plasma CRP levels and increased plasma IL-10 levels 12 and 24 h after surgery compared to LA and routine analgesia. There were significant increases in mean arterial pressure 2 and 5 mins after the incision and during dura opening in Groups I and C compared with Group S. Group S had lower postoperative pain intensity, longer duration before the first dose of oxycodone, less consumption of oxycodone and lower incidence of PONV through 48 h postoperatively than Groups I and C. Conclusion Preoperative SNB attenuated inflammatory response to craniotomy for cerebral aneurysms, blunted the hemodynamic response to scalp incision, and controlled postoperative pain better than LA or routine analgesia. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov NCT03073889 (PI:Xi Yang; date of registration:08/03/2017).

Background:A thoracoscopic approach for repair of esophageal atresia (EA) with tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) has become a standard procedure in many pediatric surgical centers. However, whether thoracotomy or thoracoscopy offer advantages in terms of surgical outcomes is not known.Methods:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of thoracoscopic repair (TR) versus conventional open repair (COR) for EA with TEF.PubMed, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE were searched to identify relevant literature until 2016.Studies comparing surgical outcomes of patients undergoing TR versus COR for EA with TEF were reviewed.The quality of each included study was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa scale score. A fixed or random-effect model was applied depending on heterogeneity tests.Results:Eight observational clinical studies involving 452 patients were included in this meta-analysis. The meta-analysis of 2 major postoperative complications (leaks and strictures) did not show significant differences between TR and COR. Overall estimates of the odds ratio (OR) of TR versus COR for leaks and strictures were: 1.57 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.77–3.20; P = 0.22) and 0.90 (95% CI, 0.27–2.97; P = 0.86), respectively. However, meta-analysis of operation time (OR = 19.59, 95% CI = 0.77–38.40, P = 0.04), timing of extubation (OR = −2.50, 95% CI = −3.39 to −1.62, P < 0.001), time to 1st oral feeding (OR = −2.58, 95% CI = −3.79 to −1.36, P < 0.001), and duration of hospital stay (OR = −10.76, 95% CI = −16.39 to −5.12, P < 0.001) showed significant differences.No randomized controlled trial was included, and most studies had small sample sizes and were based on retrospective analysis.Conclusion:TR and COR show a similar complication rates of leaks and strictures for EA/TEF repair. Although associated with a longer operative time, TR has the advantages of an earlier time to extubation and 1st oral feeding, and shorter hospital stay.

BackgroundNeuroinflammation plays a major role in postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). Accumulated evidence indicates that cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2R) can mediate anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects in part by controlling microglial activity. However, the impact of CB2R on postoperative cognition has not been investigated. We hypothesized that CB2R is involved in surgery-induced cognitive impairment in adult mice.MethodsAdult C57BL/6 mice were subjected to intramedullary fixation surgery for tibial fracture under isoflurane anesthesia and CB2R agonist (JWH133) or CB2R antagonist (AM630) treatment. The mice were trained 24 h prior to surgery using a fear conditioning protocol and assessed in a novel context on postoperative days 1, 3, and 7 to evaluate cognitive function. Open-field testing was performed to evaluate the locomotor activity of the mice. The expression levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, MCP-1, and CB2R in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex were assessed by Western blotting; the expression of microglial marker CD11b in the CA1 area of the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex was assessed by immunostaining.ResultsThe mice displayed no changes in locomotor activity after surgery and drug treatments. The mice exhibited impaired hippocampal-dependent memory accompanied by an increased expression of proinflammatory factors in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex 1, 3, and 7 days after surgery, while hippocampal-independent memory remained unaffected at the same time points. JWH133 treatment attenuated surgery-induced memory loss, while AM630 treatment aggravated surgery-induced memory loss, paralleled by a decreased or increased expression of proinflammatory factors in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. The expression of CB2R in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex was upregulated following surgery; however, it was downregulated by postoperative treatment with JWH133. Similarly, the expression of CD11b in the CA1 area of the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex was upregulated following surgery and downregulated by postoperative treatment with JWH133.ConclusionsThese findings indicate that CB2R may modulate the neuroinflammatory and cognitive impairment in a mouse model of orthopedic surgery, and the activation of CB2R may effectively ameliorate the hippocampal-dependent memory loss of mice in the early postoperative stage.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-017-0913-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.