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Lung cancer is the most common primary malignant tumour of the lung today and can be classified into two types, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC), depending on their histopathological characteristics. The incidence and mortality rates of lung cancer are currently extremely high and, on the rise, worldwide. However, normal scientific methods are not sufficient enough to cure lung cancer, but only to monitor the spread of cancer cells and inhibit them to a certain extent, so it is urgent to find effective treatments for lung cancer. This article focuses on the mechanisms of cancer vaccines for non-small cell lung cancer and a review of recent vaccine immunotherapy for lung cancer. This article also discusses some clinical adverse reactions, in order to provide a reference for vaccine immunotherapy in the future.