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Background: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is the main remedy for gallstones, but the postoperative recurrence rate is high. Recent research has indicated that the biliary microbiome takes part in the pathogenesis of cholelithiasis. However, it is not yet known whether biliary microbiome dysbiosis is relevant to recurrent cholelithiasis.Methods: Thus, we investigated the bacterial communities of the biliary microbiomes of patients with recurrent common bile duct (CBD) stones and analyzed the relationship between recurrent CBD stones and biliary microbiota. The bile specimens of 5 patients with recurrent CBD stones (FF) and 45 patients with primary CBD stones (YF) were collected during the ERCP process. The microbiota was analyzed using 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) high-throughput sequencing. We also identified the link between recurrent CBD stones and biliary microbiota.Results: Our results showed that at the phylum level, proteobacteria and firmicutes were the main two genera groups, and proteobacteria was high in FF patients. Additionally, synergistetes were high, but Bacteroidetes and actinobacteria were low in FF patients. The microbiomes in the bile of the YF patients were more evenly distributed than those in the bile of the FF patients. We also discovered that FF patients had decreased microbial bile diversity. At the genus level, klebsiella dominated in the FF patients, while Escherichia-shigella dominated in the YF patients. Additionally, klebsiella was higher in the FF patients than the YF patients. Conclusions:The observed differences in the genera between the recurrent CBD stone FF patients and the YF patients provide novel insights into the link between biliary microbiota changes and recurrent CBD stones.

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Herein, we present a novel cage-cluster-based framework composed of Ti 4 L 6 (L = embonate) tetrahedra and [Pb 4 (μ 3 -OH) 4 ] 4+ cubane-like clusters that also exhibits high stability in water, air, and other common solvents.According to the topology study, it exhibits a chiral srs-type network. Integrating titanium cages and lead-oxo clusters into a rigid cage-cluster-based framework significantly enhances its third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) property.