Abstract. Umaya R, Hardjanto, Soekmadi R, Sunito S. 2020. Direct economic benefits and human dependence toward Gunung Merapi National Park, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 982-993. Merapi (Java, Indonesia) is recognized as the most active volcano in Indonesia. This area has also gazetted as a national park, called Gunung Merapi National Park (GNMP), despite the existence of humans who live adjacent to the park with high dependency on its resources. The objectives of this study were to determine direct use value (DUV) and investigate human dependence toward the goods and services generated from GNMP. The research was conducted in 27 sub-villages. In total 277 respondents and 62 key informants were selected using purposive sampling and 9 times focus group discussion. The DUV was estimated using market price approach. The results of this study found that the DUV of GMNP was IDR 87,947,589,505 year-1, generated from direct benefit of grasses for animal feedstock (41.74%), sand mining (31.32%), water consumption (20.23%), fuelwood collection (3.57%), ecotourism activities (1.65%), land management for agriculture (1.48%), and orchid conservation program (0.01%). The dominance of DUV derived from grasses collection, sand mining and water consumption was highly correlated with the characteristics of sub-villages communities, influenced by the events of eruption of Merapi volcano, changes in legal status of forest function and market situations. Sub-village communities have historically developed reciprocal relationships with Merapi volcano and its surrounding ecosystem in terms of ecological, economic, and cultural aspects, and they played important roles in natural resources management of Merapi volcano. The findings of this study suggest that an important strategy for GMNP authority is by positioning sub-village communities and their norms as resource beneficiaries and partners in managing the park, highlighting that their existence should not be neglected.

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The dynamic eruption of Mount Merapi of Merapi National Park has partially changed the slope condition due to differences in the direction and scale of the eruption. National park boundary affecting the vary distance of the sub villages to the top of the mountain that influence to physical condition. This study examines the livelihood adaptation patterns of sub villages community in the slopes of Merapi. A mixed method between Geographic Information System and ethnography was used to explore the changes in physical and social conditions of the sub-villages. The study was conducted in 27 sub villages, interviewed 277 respondents and 62 key informants, field observations and study literatures. The results showed varied livelihood adaptation patterns, namely 1) the west-southwest, area most affected by pyroclastic flow (>20 times), the community have accumulated knowledge of eruption. Mining and Sallaca edulis plantation were the dominant livelihoods2) the south-southeast, area was severely affected by eruptions and largest eruption in the past 140 years. Variety of livelihoods including livestock, farming, tourism activities and mining. The 2010 eruption has changed the ecosystem and economic sources, resulting in the shift of a part livelihood from livestock farming to tourism services. and 3) the north-east, north area was exposed by pyroclastic flows twice, and east was never directly exposed. The vulnerability of ecosystem and economic sources were low, while accumulation of community’s knowledge has not changed over a long period of time. Livestock and farming were dominant, The communities have opportunity to develop complex and advanced agricultural systems. Nevertheless the physical conditions have led to underdeveloped livestock farming systems.