Key Points Question Which cancer types and their clinical characteristics are associated with pathogenic variants in BRCA1 and BRCA2 in addition to breast, ovarian, prostate, and pancreatic cancers? Findings In this case-control study of 63 828 patients with 14 common cancer types and 37 086 controls, pathogenic variants in BRCA1 were associated with biliary tract cancer, in BRCA2 with esophageal cancer, and in BRCA1/2 with gastric cancer. Meaning The study results suggest that the range of cancer types associated with pathogenic variants in BRCA1 and BRCA2 is broader than that determined from previous analyses, potentially indicating the broader clinical relevance of BRCA1/2 genetic testing.