In this study, we developed the widely applicable and efficient pyrF -based selection and counterselection system in A. baumannii for gene manipulation. In most cases, this pyrF /5-FOA genetic manipulation system was very effective and enabled us to obtain marker-free mutants in a very short period of time.

The preoptic area (POA) of the hypothalamus, containing temperature-sensitive and temperature-insensitive neurons, plays a key role in specific thermoregulatory responses. Although arginine vasopressin (AVP) has been shown to induce hypothermia by increasing the firing activities of warm-sensitive neurons and decreasing those of cold-sensitive and temperature-insensitive neurons, the effects of AVP on POA GABAergic transmission remain unknown. Herein, inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) of temperature-sensitive and temperature-insensitive neurons in POA slices were recorded using whole-cell patch clamp. By monitoring changes in GABAergic transmission during AVP treatment, we showed that AVP decreased the amplitudes and frequencies of spontaneous IPSCs in mostly warm-sensitive neurons and in some temperature-insensitive neurons but increased these parameters in other temperature-insensitive neurons. The IPSC amplitude was reduced for only cold-sensitive neurons. RT-PCR and Western blot analyses further confirmed the POA expression of V1a receptors and GABA receptors, including the subunits α1, α2, α3, β2, β3 and γ2. The effects of AVP on IPSCs in temperature-sensitive and temperature-insensitive neurons were dependent on G proteins and intracellular Ca . AVP-mediated modulation was associated with changes in the kinetic parameters (decay time, 10-90% rise time, half-width). Together, these results suggest that AVP, acting via V1a receptors but not V1b receptors, differentially modulates GABAergic synaptic transmission and fine-tunes the firing activities of temperature-sensitive and temperature-insensitive neurons in the rat POA.