None of the modalities can yet replace surgical staging. However, they all contributed to important knowledge and were, furthermore, able to upstage low-risk patients who would not have been recommended lymph node resection based on histology and grade alone.

No abstract

AbstractÐFactorization algorithms for recovering structure and motion from an image stream have many advantages, but they usually require a set of well-tracked features. Such a set is in generally not available in practical applications. There is thus a need for making factorization algorithms deal effectively with errors in the tracked features. We propose a new and computationally efficient algorithm for applying an arbitrary error function in the factorization scheme. This algorithm enables the use of robust statistical techniques and arbitrary noise models for the individual features. These techniques and models enable the factorization scheme to deal effectively with mismatched features, missing features, and noise on the individual features. The proposed approach further includes a new method for Euclidean reconstruction that significantly improves convergence of the factorization algorithms. The proposed algorithm has been implemented as a modification of the Christy-Horaud factorization scheme, which yields a perspective reconstruction. Based on this implementation, a considerable increase in error tolerance is demonstrated on real and synthetic data. The proposed scheme can, however, be applied to most other factorization algorithms.

Ga-PSMA PET/CT and F-NaF PET/CT showed comparable and high diagnostic accuracies for detecting bone metastases in PCa patients with BCR. Both methods performed significantly better than DW-MRI, which was inadequate for diagnosing bone metastases when conducted in accordance with European Society of Urogenital Radiology guidelines.

The aim of the present study was to analyse lymphocyte subsets in consecutive peripheral blood samples and consecutive tumour tissue core needle biopsies performed before and during interleukin-2 based immunotherapy, and to correlate the findings with objective response and survival. Twenty-six patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma were treated with low dose s.c. interleukin-2, interferon-α and histamine. A total of 250 blood samples and 62 core needle biopsies from 23 and 19 of these patients, respectively, were analysed. After 2 weeks of treatment, a significant positive correlation between absolute number of peripheral blood lymphocytes ( P =0.028), CD3 ( P =0.017), CD57 ( P =0.041) and objective response was demonstrated. There was no correlation between any peripheral blood leukocyte subsets and survival. Cytotoxicity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells was not correlated to objective response or survival. Within the tumour tissue at baseline, a significant positive correlation between CD4 ( P =0.027), CD8 ( P =0.028), CD57 ( P =0.007) and objective response was demonstrated. After one month of immunotherapy, a significant positive correlation between intratumoral CD3 ( P =0.026), CD8 ( P =0.015), CD57 ( P =0.009) and objective response was demonstrated. A significant positive correlation between intratumoral baseline CD4 ( P =0.047), baseline CD57 ( P =0.035), CD3 at one month ( P =0.049) and survival was demonstrated. These data provide novel in vivo evidence of the possible contribution of lymphocyte subsets in the tumour reduction in responding patients during interleukin-2 based immunotherapy. Confirmation of the results requires further studies including a larger number of patients. British Journal of Cancer (2002) 87 , 194–201. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600437 www.bjcancer.com © 2002 Cancer Research UK