Introduction: To quantitatively assess fundus tessellated density (FTD) and associated factors by artificial intelligence (AI) in young adults. Methods: A total of 1084 undergraduates (age, 17-23 years old) were enrolled in November 2021. The students were divided into three groups according to axial length (AL): Group 1 (AL<24.0 mm, n=155), Group 2 (24 mm≤AL<26 mm, n=578), and Group 3 (AL≥26 mm, n=269). FTD was calculated by extracting the fundus tessellations as the regions of interest (Circle 1, diameter of 3.0 mm; Circle 2, diameter of 6.0 mm) and then calculating the average exposed choroid area per unit area of fundus. Results: Among 1084 students, 1002 (92.5%) students' FTDs were extracted. The mean FTD was 0.06±0.06 (range, 0 to 0.40). In multivariate analysis, FTD was significantly associated with male sex, longer AL, thinner subfoveal choroid thickness (SFCT), increased choriocapillaris vessel density (VD) and decreased deeper choroidal VD (all p<0.05). In Circle 1 (diameter of 3.0 mm) and Circle 2 (diameter of 6.0 mm), analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the FTD of the nasal (Nas) region (p<0.05) was significantly larger than that of the superior (Sup), inferior (Inf), and temporal (Tem) regions. Conclusion: AI-based imaging processing could improve the accuracy of fundus tessellation diagnosis. FTD was significantly associated with a longer AL, thinner SFCT, increased choriocapillaris VD, and decreased deeper choroidal VD.

Purpose This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of refractive error and visual acuity among school children in the plateau region of Qinghai, China. Methods The school-based, cross-sectional study was performed in Menyuan, Qinghai, China. Three kindergartens and three primary schools were randomly enrolled from both rural areas and county towns. The participants had undergone ophthalmic examinations of the intraocular pressure (IOP), uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), presenting visual acuity (PVA) and best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), cycloplegic refraction, and axial length (AL). Regression analysis was applied to investigate the potential risk factors affecting the prevalence of various refractive errors. Results A total of 3770 children were invited to participate, and 3524 (93.5%) had undergone examination. Among the 3524 children (51.8% boys) with a mean age of 8.3±2.3 years, 1049 (29.8%) had myopia, 30 (0.9%) had high myopia, 1692 (48.0%) had mild hyperopia, 152 (4.3%) had medium to marked hyperopia and 925 (26.2%) had astigmatism. The mean SER was −0.16±1.86 D and decreased with age. The AL increased with age from 21.80±0.59 mm at 4-years to 23.53±1.05 mm at 12-years. The myopia prevalence increased with age from 2.0% at 4 years to 62.8% at 12-years. Myopia was associated with increasing age, county town habitation and girls. Among the 723 participants with PVA 20/40 or worse in one eye, 564 (78.0%) were due to uncorrected refractive error, and 83 (22.0%) were due to undercorrected refractive error. Among the 1049 children with myopia, only 254 wore glasses, and 151 children with PVA had a worse BCVA and did not have accurate spectacles. Conclusion The prevalence of myopia is very high among school children in Menyuan. Only 24.2% of myopic children wore glasses, and 59.4% of children did not have accurate spectacles. Strategies to improve access to eye care and affordable glasses are needed.

Objective: To analyse the morphological characteristics of the ciliary muscle (CM) and to explore its relationship with different ocular biometric parameters in myopic young Chinese adults.Methods: This observational, cross-sectional study included 50 right eyes from 50 myopic adults. The CM area (CMA), CM thickness (CMT) and CM length (CML)were measured using the ArcScan Insight ® 100. CMT was determined at three points: 1.0 mm (CMT-1), 2.0 mm (CMT-2) and 3.0 mm (CMT-3) posterior to the scleral spur. CML was measured on the scleral (CMLs) and vitreous (CMLv) aspects. The spherical equivalent refraction (SER), axial length (AL) and subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) were examined to determine their associations with CM parameters (CMA, CML and CMT). Results:The mean SER and AL were −4.39 ± 2.29 D and 25.61 ± 1.15 mm, respectively. Compared with the nasal CMA, CML and CMT (CMT-1, CMT-2 and CMT-3) findings, the temporal CM parameters (CMA, CMLs, CMLv, CMT-1, CMT-2 and CMT-3) were found to be significantly thicker (all p < 0.001, except CMLv and CMT-1; p < 0.01). The nasal CMA was associated with the average corneal curvature (r = 0.30, p = 0.03) and SER (r = −0.30, p = 0.04). Nasal and temporal CMT-2 were negatively correlated with SER (r = −0.33 and −0.32, respectively, both p < 0.05).There was no correlation between CM parameters (except nasal CMLs, r = 0.31, p = 0.03) and SFCT, or between CM parameters and either the AL or anterior chamber depth (all p > 0.05). Conclusion:These results suggest that there is temporal versus nasal asymmetry of the CM. CMA, CMT or CML did not vary with axial growth of the eye. The CM is not simply stretched as the eye elongates in myopic young adults. K E Y W O R D S ciliary muscle, myopia, ocular biometry, subfoveal choroidal thickness, young adults How to cite this article: Zhang X, Wu Q, Wen T, et al. In vivo analysis of ciliary muscle in myopic Chinese young adults using ArcScan Insight ® 100. Ophthalmic

Myopia has become the major cause of visual impairment worldwide. Although the pathogenesis of myopia remains controversial, proteomic studies suggest that dysregulation of retinal metabolism is potentially involved in the pathology of myopia. Lysine acetylation of proteins plays a key role in regulating cellular metabolism, but little is known about its role in the form-deprived myopic retina. Hence, a comprehensive analysis of proteomic and acetylomic changes in the retinas of guinea pigs with form-deprivation myopia was performed. In total, 85 significantly differential proteins and 314 significantly differentially acetylated proteins were identified. Notably, the differentially acetylated proteins were markedly enriched in metabolic pathways such as glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, the pentose phosphate pathway, retinol metabolism, and the HIF-1 signaling pathway. HK2, HKDC1, PKM, LDH, GAPDH, and ENO1 were the key enzymes in these metabolic pathways with decreased acetylation levels in the form-deprivation myopia group. Altered lysine acetylation of key enzymes in the form-deprived myopic retina might affect the dynamic balance of metabolism in the retinal microenvironment by altering their activity. In conclusion, as the first report on the myopic retinal acetylome, this study provides a reliable basis for further studies on myopic retinal acetylation.

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