Tuberculosis (TB), one of the oldest known microbial infectious diseases affecting humans has continued to burden our healthcare system over generations. Conventionally, primary TB usually manifests as a pulmonary infection. However, the last decade has witnessed increasing reports of extrapulmonary infections. It's often atypical clinical presentations require a high degree of clinical suspicion, especially in the developing countries with a high incidence of this infectious disease. In this report, we present one such case of tuberculous osteomyelitis of the mandibular condyle where the patient reported with the complaint of swelling on the left side of the face with no apparent systemic manifestation.

Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma is one of the major defined histologic variants of rhabdomyosarcoma that is mainly reported in children. The histologic appearance of this neoplastic entity recapitulates normal myogenesis. The tumor cells variably exhibit the different cellular phases of myogenesis ranging from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells to elongated myoblasts, multinucleated myotubes and differentiated muscle fibers. The carefully orchestrated embryonic signaling pathways that are involved in myogenesis, conceivably also result in the genesis of rhabdomyosarcoma; albeit as a corollary to an imbalance. We have attempted to review the pathogenesis of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma in an endeavor to understand better, how closely it is linked to normal myogenesis in terms of its molecular dynamics and histologic presentation.

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Hemangioendothelioma commonly occurs in the superficial or deep soft tissue of the extremities, lungs, liver, bone and lymph nodes, with oral cavity being a rare location. It is usually benign but can show variable grades of malignancy. According to the histological presentation, hemangioendothelioma has been classified as epithelioid, Kaposiform, hobnail (Dabska-Retiform), epithelioid sarcoma like and composite. We present a case of ulcerated swelling of palate clinically diagnosed as pyogenic granuloma which presented a diagnostically challenging histological picture. We discuss the differential diagnoses obtained from various oral pathologists and general pathologists and substantiate the diagnosis of hemangioendothelioma based on its clinical behavior, histological features and immunohistochemical findings. In addition, we attempt to highlight the diagnostic dilemma that such cases can pose to the attending pathologists.