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Rice bran protein concentrates were prepared from full-fat and defatted raw rice bran. Selected functional properties, viz. nitrogen solubility, emulsification properties, and foaming properties were measured over the pH range 2.0 to 10.5 and in three dispersion media including water, O.lM NaCl (low salt) and l.OM NaCl (high salt). Below and above the isoelectric pH (4.5) the nitrogen solubility increased. Higher pH enhanced the nitrogen solubility and, thereby, considerably improved the functional properties. In higher salt concentration, nitrogen solubility was reduced which also altered the properties of emulsification and foaming. Multiple regression analysis showed that pH was the primary determinant of nitrogen solubility, emulsification and foamingproperties. Multiple regression models including pH, salt concentration and nitrogen solubility as independent variables were found to be more accurate in predicting other functional properties.

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Hybrid perovskites, as emerging multifunctional semiconductors, have demonstrated dual electronic/ionic conduction properties. We report a metal/ion interaction induced p-i-n junction across slightly n-type doped MAPbI single crystals with Au/MAPbI/Ag configuration based on interface dependent Seebeck effect, Hall effect and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry analysis. The organic cations (MA) interact with Au atoms, forming positively charged coordination complexes at Au/MAPbI interface, whereas iodine anions (I) can react with Ag contacts, leading to interfacial ionic polarization. Such metal/ion interactions establish a p-doped region near the Au/MAPbI interface due to the formation of MA vacancies, and an n-doped region near the Ag/MAPbI interface due to formation of I vacancies, consequently forming a p-i-n junction across the crystal in Au/MAPbI/Ag configuration. Therefore, the metal/ion interaction plays a role in determining the surface electronic structure and semiconducting properties of hybrid perovskites.

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