Wormhole attack is a challenging security threat to wireless sensor networks which results in disrupting most of the routing protocols as this attack can be triggered in different modes. In this paper, WRHT, a wormhole resistant hybrid technique, is proposed, which can detect the presence of wormhole attack in a more optimistic manner than earlier techniques. WRHT is based on the concept of watchdog and Delphi schemes and ensures that the wormhole will not be left untreated in the sensor network. WRHT makes use of the dual wormhole detection mechanism of calculating probability factor time delay probability and packet loss probability of the established path in order to find the value of wormhole presence probability. The nodes in the path are given different ranking and subsequently colors according to their behavior. The most striking feature of WRHT consists of its capacity to defend against almost all categories of wormhole attacks without depending on any required additional hardware such as global positioning system, timing information or synchronized clocks, and traditional cryptographic schemes demanding high computational needs. The experimental results clearly indicate that the proposed technique has significant improvement over the existing wormhole attack detection techniques.

In this paper, an Advanced Hybrid Intrusion Detection System (AHIDS) that automatically detects the WSNs attacks is proposed. AHIDS makes use of cluster-based architecture with enhanced LEACH protocol that intends to reduce the level of energy consumption by the sensor nodes. AHIDS uses anomaly detection and misuse detection based on fuzzy rule sets along with the Multilayer Perceptron Neural Network. The Feed Forward Neural Network along with the Backpropagation Neural Network are utilized to integrate the detection results and indicate the different types of attackers (i.e., Sybil attack, wormhole attack, and hello flood attack). For detection of Sybil attack, Advanced Sybil Attack Detection Algorithm is developed while the detection of wormhole attack is done by Wormhole Resistant Hybrid Technique. The detection of hello flood attack is done by using signal strength and distance. An experimental analysis is carried out in a set of nodes; 13.33% of the nodes are determined as misbehaving nodes, which classified attackers along with a detection rate of the true positive rate and false positive rate. Sybil attack is detected at a rate of 99,40%; hello flood attack has a detection rate of 98, 20%; and wormhole attack has a detection rate of 99, 20%.

The need for more effective security mechanisms is increasing with the growth of Wireless Sensor Network applications in different fields as there is an increase in the number of attacks that can be launched on them. Hello flood is one of such attack in the network layer of wireless sensor network in which an attacker with high transmission power can send or replay hello packets which are used for neighbor discovery. In this way, the attacker creates an illusion of being a neighbor to other sensor nodes and underlying routing protocol can be disrupted, which facilitate further types of attacks. The attacker broadcast packets with such a high power that a large number of sensor nodes in the network choose it as the parent node. In this paper, a novel technique based on RBG color cube number, an ID, and a unique Armstrong number is proposed for the authentication of a sensor node to become cluster head. The proposed technique is implemented in NS2, the experimental results clearly indicate the proposed technique has significant capability for the detection of hello flood attack launched for making the malicious node as the cluster head.

Clinicians should always strive to provide a quality service to patients and continuously improve practice. Audit has existed in many fields as a means of reflecting on existing practice in order to improve efficiency and outcome through the implementation of change. In 1989 the white paper Working for Patients introduced the concept of audit as a systematic peer review of medical care that should be part of the routine clinical practice of all doctors. The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) defined clinical audit as 'a quality improvement process that seeks to improve patient care and outcomes through systematic review of care against explicit criteria and the implementation of change'. Audit is therefore an integral part of clinical governance and, if correctly performed, substantial clinical benefits as described by Singh et al can be achieved.

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