В статье представлено контрастивное изучение теонимов (собственных и нарицательных именований божеств, духов и других сверхъестественных существ) в башкирских переводах Четвероевангелия 1902 года, Нового завета 2015 года и соответствующих частях тувинского перевода Библии 2011 г. Исследование осуществлено методами семантического, стилистического и этимологического анализа лексических единиц, а также методами переводоведческого и сопоставительного анализа. Работа демонстрирует, как именно реализуются ресурсы двух родственных языков в ходе конструирования христианской религиозной лексики в синхроническом и диахроническом аспектах. В тексте четырех Евангелий представлено 20 теонимов, среди которых имена собственные сверхъестественных существ, их наименования и перифрастические обозначения. Дореволюционные и современные переводчики евангельских текстов на башкирский язык и современные переводчики на тувинский использовали различные стратегии передачи этих единиц на переводном языке. Сходства переводов обусловлены общностью базового лексического запаса и агглютинативного грамматического строя двух родственных языков: понятия нередко передаются близкими лексемами, сочетания — одинаковыми конструкциями. Различия имеют лингвистическую (лексические и грамматические расхождения в родственных языках), и экстралингвистическую (различия в духовной культуре и истории народов) природу. Ключевым экстралингвистическим фактором, обусловившим различия в переводах, является опыт народа исповедания той или иной авраамической религии. У переводчика, работающего над текстами другой авраамической религии, есть два пути — взаимодействие с имеющейся авраамической традицией через игнорирование либо опора на неё. Сопоставление трёх переводных библейских текстов демонстрирует роль историко-культурного фактора в формировании лексики отдельных языков и необходимость его учёта в ходе переводческой практики.
This study analyzes scientific faith through the lenses of its scientific, cognitive, and social potential. The paper aims to study the role of secular non-religious faith in contemporary social processes and individual cognitive formation. The research methodology includes systematic approach to demonstrate the relationship between individual’s cognitive settings and social reality; dialectical approach; analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction. Results: the transformation of traditional social relations leads to the popularization of non-religious secular faith, especially the scientific faith, which motivates to unprovably accept scientific and pseudoscientific positions as true for gaining an existential confidence. In addition to the social aspect, scientific faith has a high scientific and cognitive potential that leads to the irrational acceptance of the scientific understanding of the world, the axiomatic base, and each specific theory, as the closest to the absolute truth, which provides the researcher with a permission to use them. Conclusions: the high role of science and scientific technologies in contemporary society leads to the transfer of faith in science beyond the limits of scientific knowledge into everyday practice. Thus it turns into a powerful social phenomenon, responsible for transforming the image of science in mass perceptions into the undeniable ideal of truth. This confidence not only contributes to the comfortable existence of the individual; without it, an uncorroborated acceptance of the scientific axiomatic base and science as a whole as the closest to the truth is impossible. The lack of this confidence makes further scientific advance difficult.
Film, dramaturgy and literature exhibit increasingly more episodes of cruelty in the interactions between the characters. With its focus on the core ideas about escalation of violence, this paper examines the fundamental reasons for the upsurge in depictions of violence in art. The article demonstrates social, cultural and anthropological factors contributed to shaping the technosphere which impedes the comprehension of the relationship and the contrast between life and death. Without this comprehension, a cultural dysfunction entails the existential crisis, hinders feeling fully alive, and provokes a “safe” virtual way to generate a limit situation that restores “life’s integrity” experience. Art that demonstrates violent scenes is one of these methods. In addition, and this is the first paper to analyze this, the extensive type of creativity dominates the postindustrial society culture. Research demonstrates that extensive creativity does not contain an ethical component and nor foster immunity to violence. On the contrary, by directing an individual towards exploring and transforming the external world, it provokes violence, since the nature of expansion is a priori forced. The authors conclude that escalation of violence in art testifies to the deficit of cultural methods that allow to satisfy a person’s existential needs.
The research aims to identify the positive and negative experience of application distance learning for Economics students in Russia. Unlike most papers studying the motivation of applicants to choose economic distance education, the paper discusses the factors of its development in Russia, which differs both from those in the US and Europe, and from other specialties in Russia. The explanatory material is the statistics of admissions ratesand the analysis of universities’ location.
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