LL-37, also called cathelicidin, is an important part of the human immune system, which can resist various pathogens. A plethora of experiments have demonstrated that it has the multifunctional effects of immune regulation, in addition to antimicrobial activity. Recently, there have been increasing interest in its immune function. It was found that LL-37 can have two distinct functions in different tissues and different microenvironments. Thus, it is necessary to investigate LL-37 immune functions from the two sides of the same coin. On the one side, LL-37 promotes inflammation and immune response and exerts its anti-infective and antitumor effects; on the other side, it has the ability to inhibit inflammation and promote carcinogenesis. This review presents a brief summary of its expression, structure, and immunomodulatory effects as well as brief discussions on the role of this small peptide as a key factor in the development and treatment of various inflammation-related diseases and cancers.

BackgroundsMicroRNAs (miRNA) are a class of non-protein-coding RNAs that have significant biological and pathological functions. The importance of miRNAs as potential cancer diagnostic biomarkers is gaining attention due to their influence in the regulation of cellular processes such as cell differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis. The aim of this study was to identify significant miRNAs from saliva as potential diagnostic biomarkers in the early diagnosis and prognosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Materials and methodsFive differentially expressed miRNAs (miR-7703, miR-let-7a-5p, miR-345-5p, miR-3928 and miR-1470) were selected from Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) miRNA data generated from our previous study using saliva of 12 HNSCC patients and 12 healthy controls. Their differential expressed miRNAs were subsequently validated by RT-qPCR using saliva samples from healthy controls (n = 80) and HNSCC patients (n = 150). Total RNA was isolated from 150 saliva samples of HNSCC patients and was transcripted into cDNA by Taq-Man MicroRNA Reverse Transcription Kit. Using quantitative RT-PCR analysis, salivary miRNAs were identified in HNSCC patients (n = 150) and healthy controlled cases (n = 80). T-tests were used to compare the differences among the various clinical variants. ResultsOn average 160 ng/μl was isolated from 500 μl of saliva. Overall, a good correlation observed between the HNSCC and some of miRNAs expression levels. Salivary miR-let-7a-5p (P<0.0001) and miR-3928 (P< 0.01) were significantly down regulated in saliva of HNSCC patients relative to age and sex-matched healthy controls. A number of salivary

Effective cancer therapy is one of the biggest global challenges. Conventional cancer therapies have been at the forefront of combating cancers, but more evidence showed considerable side effects, limiting their use. There are various new therapies in development, but combined approaches for treating cancer are much expected. Natural herbs had been traditionally in use for cancer therapy in most parts of the world. In this review, we have examined ten commonly used Chinese herbs that have, for centuries, shown effectiveness in treating cancers. They demonstrated the abilities to promote the apoptosis of cancer cells, inhibit their metastasis, activate the patient’s anticancer immunity, and synergistically increase the efficacy of conventional chemotherapy and radiation therapy when used in combination. Clinical experiences had proved that these herbs and their bioactive compounds were effective against a plethora of cancers through a variety of mechanisms, effectively improving patients’ quality of life without significant side effects. These advantages indicate that there are huge potentials in the development of Chinese herbs into cancer medicine as part of a promising, holistic cancer treatment modality.

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Certain infections, such as urinary tract infection may have an increased incidence in bladder cancer owing to physiological changes. One mechanism of initiating innate host defenses against bacteria in UTI’s is the production of cytokines. In this study, we investigated prevalence urinary tract infection among bladder cancer patients and the factors associated with the acquisition, and the description of the isolated pathogens in bladder cancer patients. This descriptive study was carried out through the period from January to may 2012 , 40 bladder cancer patients were collected from Baghdad Medical City , Medical City Teaching Laboratories and private laboratories and 20 case controls .The study groups were 40 urine samples from bladder cancer patients ; urine samples taken for tests, and cultures and 40 subjects as health control group from both sexes . The study showed that Staph. aureus was the most common microorganism isolated from UTI which represented (34 %). E.coli was found to be the second most common microorganism encountered in UTI (30.7%) Klebsiela spp. was found to be the third microorganism which represented (11.5%).Proteus spp. was fourth microorganism isolated which represented (15.3%) , while ( 7.6%) of microorganism was Pseudomonas, with p. value > 0.005 that mean no significant differences between the microorganisms that can cause infection in patient with other disease . The study also showed two groups , group (1) was patients with cancer bladder , In this group number of UTI was 65%(male &female) , while 35% of cancer bladder patients were without UTI with non-significant differences . Finally there is non-significant differences among groups of patients with Bladder cancer were divided into five groups , group one included (14) patients (35%) suffering from Bladder cancer only, group 2 included 10 patients (25%) suffering from bl. Cancer and D.M, group 3 included 7 patients (17.5%) suffering from bl. Cancer and hypertension , group 4 included 3 patients (7.5%) suffering from blood cancer and renal failure , group 5 included 6 patients (15.0) suffering from b. cancer and other diseases ( anemia , leukemia, CV and polycythemia).