Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae) merupakan kuman basil tahan asam penyebab penyakit kusta bersifat obligat intraseluler dan tidak dapat dibiakkan pada media buatan. M. leprae hidup di makrofag dan sel Schwann serta tumbuh pada jaringan bersuhu dingin seperti kulit, mukosa hidung, dan saraf tepi. Insidens penderita baru kusta tidak menurun, meski prevalens kusta terus menurun seiring dengan program pemberantasan kusta secara masal dengan metode multi drugs therapy (MDT) WHO. Hal ini diperkuat dengan banyak kasus baru ditemukan tanpa ada riwayat kontak. Salah satu penyebab diduga ada sumber nonmanusia dari basil kusta terus menjadi sumber infeksi seperti hewan dan lingkungan. Cara penularan penyakit kusta masih belum diketahui pasti, namun diperkirakan melalui kontak langsung dari penderita kusta tipe lepromatosa ke orang lain.

Background: Male androgenetic alopecia (MAGA), also known as androgenetic alopecia, is the most common hair loss in males who have a genetic predisposition. The pattern of baldness in MAGA starts from the frontal area in a triangular pattern, followed by progressive thinning of the vertex until baldness occurs. Generally, the diagnosis of MAGA is established by clinical examination. FDA has approved a combination of topical minoxidil and oral finasteride for MAGA treatment. Currently, there is another treatment option like dutasteride, a prostaglandin analog, ketoconazole, and co-adjuvant therapy like laser therapy, hair transplantation, and so on. Purpose: To provide an updated treatment for MAGA. Review: Etiopathogenesis of MAGA is influenced by genetic susceptibility and hormonal factors. The European Consensus Group set the evaluation diagnosis of MAGA to include a historyof hair fall, physical examination, hair examination, supporting examination, and clinical documentation. There are therapeutic options for MAGA, including antiandrogen therapies, androgen-independent therapies, and co-adjuvant therapies. The FDA has approved a combination of topical minoxidil and oral finasteride for MAGA treatment. MAGA may affect patients’ quality of life and self-esteem. In general, patients expect higher. Conclusion: MAGA is the most common progressive hair loss in males. The MAGA therapy is expected to achieve cosmetically significant regrowth and to slow additional hair loss.

Introduction: Linear IgA dermatosis is a rare autoimmune vesiculobullous disease characterized by homogeneous linear IgA deposits in basement membrane of epidermis, and it can be idiopathic or drug-induced. The pathogenesis of drug-induced linear IgA dermatosis is not fully known yet, but it is associated with specific T cells. The clinical manifestations of the disease include vesiculobullous eruption, erythematous plaques, or string of pearls. Most cases still need additional therapy to avoid the expansion of the disease. Case Presentation: In this study, we present a 17-year-old male patient with erythema plaques, vesicles, and bullae with erosion in facial, oral, neck, trunk, genital, and extremities, pruritus, and burning sensation. The patient was undergoing pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) treatment for one week. Physical examination was done, and total BSA 10% and negative Asboe-Hansen sign were seen. The treatment consisted of delaying administration of TB drugs, desoximetasone cream 0.25%, cetirizine 10 mg, and aspiration of bullae. Conclusions: Drug-induced linear IgA dermatosis can occur at any age due to the administration of rifampicin and other antibiotics, angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The drug can stimulate specific T cells that release Th2 cytokines to produce IgA antibodies against the basement membrane of epidermis. Drugs may cause an autoimmune response by cross-reaction with the target epitope, altering the conformation of epitopes, or exposing previously sequestered antigens to the immune system. The causative drug was stopped, and methyl prednisolone 0.5 - 1 mg/kg/day was given as initial therapy. In this study, we reported a rare case of a 17-year-old male with anti-TB drug-induced linear IgA dermatosis. Diagnosis was done based on clinical manifestation, histopathology, and immunofluorescence. The causative drug was stopped, the patient was given topical and systemic steroid therapy and drug desensitization. Remission was noted after six weeks of therapy, and oral steroid was slowly tapered and stopped on day 42. After stopping oral steroids, no lesions were reported. A 6-month follow-up revealed no signs of recurrence.

Scabies is a parasitic infestation of the skin, that is affecting on the low income and crowded community in many tropical countries, especially developing countries such as Indonesia. Scabies infestation increases the incidence of secondary pyoderma include impetigo, folliculitis, cellulitis, ecthyma, abscess. Secondary pyoderma is a skin infection disease mainly caused by     group A Streptococcus (GAS) and Staphylococcus aureus (SA). Pyoderma is a risk factor for the glomerulonephritis infection, rheumatic diseases, which significantly increases morbidity and mortality, causing the government burden. The aim of this study is  determining the etiology and correlation of pyoderma infection in scabies patient. To determine sosio-demographic included sex, age in pediatric patients in primary schools (SD) in the district of Kertapati Palembang. The study design was cross sectional, and study samples were new scabies patients in the elementary school (age 6-14-year-old) with or without pyoderma. Clinical findings included history, physical examination and diagnostic procedure, which was investigation of skin scraping specimen material (SSB = skin surface biopsy) in confirmation with dermoscopic polar examination (DS) to show Sarcoptes scabiei mites. Microbiological examination with Gram stain identified the etiology of pyoderma.  Results of this study shows that there was a significance relationship between scabies infestation and pyoderma in children in elementary school. Staphylococcus aureus dan GAS are the most common caused of pyoderma in pediatric patients with scabies. Conclusion is there is a significant correlation between scabies and pyoderma. There is  a need to provide scabies and pyoderma medication at primary care health center as well as counseling for prevention in Palembang area with crowded population periodically.