Background: In the US, Blacks with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) have a four-fold higher prevalence rate of hemodialysis treatment and higher subsequent rates of hemodialysis treatment nonadherence and hospitalization compared to their White peers. Nonadherence to prescribed dialysis therapy is an underestimated life-threatening behavior, because of its association with increased morbidity and mortality. Few studies have specified and systematically evaluated targeted methods of increasing hemodialysis treatment adherence among Black hemodialysis patients with added focus on therapeutic alliance, a rewarding patient-centered relationship between patients and providers, based on common goals and objectives. This review seeks to evaluate the state of the science to determine the salience of a therapeutic alliance for the development of effective interventions positively impacting hemodialysis treatment adherence among Black patients. Methods: Medline (via PubMed), Embase (OvidSP), Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL; EBSCOhost), and PsycInfo (ProQuest) databases were used to search for abstracts with the keywords "dialysis", "therapeutic alliance", and "treatment adherence and compliance", including all underlying index terms and alternative variations of terms, in order to cover the entire scope of the field. Only randomized clinical trials and pre/postintervention studies published in the previous 10 years (2009-2019) and including a proportion of Black patients >25% were included for review. Results: Only three intervention studies met these criteria, for a total aggregated sample of 130-mean age 58.1 years and 53% female. None of these studies was composed exclusively of Black patients (range 62%-91.3%), nor did they present data specifically for Blacks. Despite the lack of robust data informing strategies to improve hemodialysis adherence among Blacks with ESRD, a limited number of intervention studies have reported positive effects on hemodialysis attendance. Discussion/Conclusion: Further research is warranted to fill this significant gap in our understanding of theoretically based, therapeutic alliance-enhanced, and culturally tailored hemodialysis treatment-adherence interventions among Blacks.

Background: Black Americans have a disproportionately increased risk of diabetes, hypertension, and kidney disease, and higher associated morbidity, mortality, and hospitalization rates than their White peers. Structural racism amplifies these disparities, and negatively impacts self-care including medication adherence, critical to chronic disease management. Systematic evidence of successful interventions to improve medication adherence in Black patients with diabetes, hypertension, and kidney disease is lacking. Knowledge of the impact of therapeutic alliance, ie, the unique relationship between patients and providers, which optimizes outcomes especially for minority populations, is unclear. The role and application of behavioral theories in successful development of medication adherence interventions specific to this context also remains unclear. Objective: To evaluate the existing evidence on the salience of a therapeutic alliance in effective interventions to improve medication adherence in Black patients with diabetes, hypertension, or kidney disease. Data Sources: Medline (via PubMed), EMBASE (OvidSP), Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) (EBSCOhost), and PsycINFO (ProQuest) databases. Review Methods: Only randomized clinical trials and pre/post intervention studies published in English between 2009 and 2022 with a proportion of Black patients greater than 25% were included. Narrative synthesis was done. Results: Eleven intervention studies met the study criteria and eight of those studies had all-Black samples. Medication adherence outcome measures were heterogenous. Five out of six studies which effectively improved medication adherence, incorporated therapeutic alliance. Seven studies informed by behavioral theories led to significant improvement in medication adherence. Discussion/Conclusion: Study findings suggest that therapeutic alliance-based interventions are effective in improving medication adherence in Black patients with diabetes and hypertension. Further research to test the efficacy of therapeutic alliance-based interventions to improve medication adherence in Black patients should ideally incorporate cultural adaptation, theoretical framework, face-to-face delivery mode, and convenient locations.

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