We compare the relative impacts of political and socioeconomic factors on state restrictiveness toward abortion during the pre. Roe, pre-Webster and post-Webster time frames. This analysis tests the value of cycle theory, where shifting epochs dominated by liberalism and conservatism enhance the role of political variables in shaping policy formation. It also tests the explanatory value of public opinion theory which holds that bimodal issues which cut across party lines accentuate the role of socioeconomic variables in shaping issue evolution. The results of this analysis lend support to cycle theory and public opinion theory, although public opinion theory receives stronger support. When socioeconomic independent variables are regressed against our dichotomous measures of state restrictiveness toward abortion, they explain more variance than political independent variables. Political variables were more important in the conservative era (1989) than in the liberal era (1972). ARTICLE Historical Cycles in Political AgendasSchlesinger (1986) has argued that public focus shifts from liberalism to conservatism in roughly 30-year cyclical intervals, driven in part by leadership transitions, marking a "changing of the guard." Underlying the leadership transitions are demographic shifts that also reflect aging of the population. At each cusp, a new generation comes to power, greatly influenced by its socialization roughly 30 years previously. The beginning of each new period is often accompanied by shifts in partisanship and loyalties.During liberal eras, redistribution and social programs that expand the power of the underclass and disadvantaged achieve greater prominence. Partisan and political factors play a dominant

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Using Maslow's theory of human psychological development as a framework, a model based on the hierarchy of values is proposed to explain how not-for-profit organizations develop an ethical culture. As with individual values, the five levels of ethical behavior-financial competence, accountability, reciprocity, respect, integrity-are attained successively and one at a time. Thus ethical values are a foundation for achieving integrity, defined herein not only as incorruptibility but as a total commitment to the highest standards of behavior. External controls stimulate ethical behavior primarily at the lower levels; internal controls must be present to achieve an ethical organizational culture. Maslow (1943) formulated an enduring and provocative theory of human motivation. Scholars have both venerated and disparaged his theory, but it is continually cited and tested more than six decades after his initial contention that individuals act based upon a hierarchy of needs. Not only does Maslow's work have mainstream appeal-with references in the popular press ranging from the Wall Street Journal and Forbes to Sports Illustrated-but his hierarchy is utilized extensively in scholarly work. Research employing the theory has been published in numerous academic journals, including

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