When a stereophonic track is heard through headphones or over loudspeakers, the image of a virtual performance is created in the mind. This virtual performance, which exists exclusively on the record, can be conceptualised in terms of the 'sound-box' (Moore 1993), a four-dimensional virtual space within which sounds can be located through: lateral placement within the stereo field; foreground and background placement due to volume and distortion; height according to sound vibration frequency; and time. From the mid-1960s, the increasing shift from mono to stereo meant that producers and engineers had to contend with the notion and potential of a song's sonic arrangement or mix, resulting in a disparity of sonic placement and a diverse range of sound-box configurations. By 1972, a normative positioning of sound sources within the sound-box was established, which we term the 'diagonal mix'. This article focuses on the consolidation of this norm by means of a 'taxonomy of mixes' and the utilisation of visual representations which detail the sound-box configurations of a variety of pop/rock, easy listening and psychedelic tracks from 1966 to 1972.

Analysis of the spatial elements of popular music recordings can be made by way of the 'sound-box', a concept that acknowledges the way sound sources are perceived to exist in four dimensions: laterality, register, prominence, and temporal continuity. By late 1972 producers working across a range of styles and in different geographical locations had adopted a normative positioning of sound sources across these dimensions. In 1965 no such norm existed. This article contextualizes the notion of the sound-box within academic discourse on popular music and explores the methodology employed by a research project that addressed the gradual coming-into-existence of the norm, which the project defined as the diagonal mix. A taxonomy of types of mix is offered, and a chronology of the adoption of the diagonal mix in rock is presented.In recent years music analysis has begun to shift its focus from the score to performance. One notable outcome of this change of perspective has been a rise in the study of recordings, illustrated in the work of the CHARM project in the United Kingdom. 1 In popular musicology, the recording has long been recognized as a more important source of musical information than any visual representation, though the actual information scholars have extracted from it has, in the main, been exactly what is obtainable from a visual representation, namely information about lyrics, melody, instrumentation, harmony, and rhythm. It has frequently seemed as if the artefact itself, to which so many listeners give their primary attention, has become transparent, merely a means of transmission for these hallowed categories of information. This article emanates from a twelve-month project funded by the UK Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC). One of the project's aims was to develop a degree of precision in musicological discussion of the recorded artefact, particularly that aspect identified by the 'sound-box', 2 to begin to enable this aspect of recorded song to be discussed with the same degree of analytical engagement normally reserved for those other domains. The project was an exercise in the empirical music analysis of a large range of material, searching for similarities and differences. The heuristic model we employed, that of the sound-box, assumes that sound sources are perceived in four dimensions: laterality, register, prominence, and temporal continuity. By late 1972 producers working across a range of styles and in different geographical locations had adopted a normative positioning of sound sources across these dimensions. In 1965 no such norm existed. The key purpose of this article is to investigate and, as far as possible, explain the process by which this norm was consolidated.

This article is one of a series exploring the spatialization of sound sources in recorded songs and how they may be understood (see also 'The Virtual Performance Space in Rock', twentieth-century music 5/2). Its theoretical basis is multi-faceted, utilizing notions of ecological perception, of the sound-box, of the singer's persona, and of interpersonal distance in communication, as well as further concepts from cognitive science. It focuses particularly on image schemata and proxemics, exemplifying them across a range of genres, while also addressing them critically, for instance from a feminist perspective. Finally, it explores how this theoretical basis helps us not only to understand the contribution of spatialization to the interpretation of songs and their meanings, but also to shed light on the role of other musical domains.

This paper introduces a framework for the creation and analysis of sonic spatialization and proxemics in audiovisual media. The authors apply the framework to three public service announcements to show how sonic proxemics can be used as a rhetorical device that may be used to strengthen political aims.

This article presents an overview of the use of binaural recording and experimental headphone mixing for a short film. Drawing loosely on theories of proxemics, the article illustrates how sound mixing can be used to create a unique subjective perspective. In particular, the authors sought to experiment with and to use the peculiarities of stereo headphone mixing and binaural sound to reinforce visual elements of a film designed for horizontal viewing on tablets.