Cover illustration: Cover of the first issue of Tbr Crdijomi (/i/ [ournalof7i:dmo!ogy,I, I (Fcb ruary 19°.3). Courtesy 0 f U nivcrs ity 0 f Ca! if()rnia 1.ib rary, Berkclcy, CA. All rights reserved. \X'iIholll limiting the righls under copyright reserved above, 110 part of this book may he reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or rransrnirrcd, in anv form or by any means (elccrrouic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise). without the written permission of both rhc copyright owner and the author of this book. The research of the book was funded by fellowships from Yale Univcrsiry, the Smithsonian Institution, the Elcurhcrian Mills-Haglcy Foundation, the Hoover Presidential Lihrary, and thl; l.cmelson Ccrucr. Most of my research skills were learned from scores of retercucc librarians as they shared their knowledge during a rime when COlnputer rech nologies Vie re rapidly changing the content of their jobs and the nature ofscholarly research. Ji III Ronan at the National~1 meum otArnerlean History and the reference staff at Yale Sterling Memorial Library, i11 particular, helped find creative solutions to challenging questions, from them J acquired my appreciation f()I' the variables in the organization and classification of knowledge. Anothet rh rcc h un cl red referen ce lib r;! ria ns, officets. and VD Iu nrccrs ar II n ivers ity arch ives, e ngi neeri ng colleges, all d ,11 \I m ni ()rgan in ri()IlS ill often underfunded and understaffed offices, answered my survey on women in engineering, checking and rcchccking their records; many of whom I got to know through the mail; among them Marg;lrel Rancher at the WaIter P. Reurher Libra ry i11 Dcrro ir deserves speci al m entio n. Ni na l.e rman, Arwen ivloh un, CarolI'n (;oldstci n, Ca rol ien BD uw, Ircne Cieraad, and Jose van Dijck, M I' thanks also go to thc collcdgucs who took their precious ti me and read the entire manuscript: Pat Cooper, Franccs Couda, Rosa Knorringa. and Phil Scranton. Portions were read by Eric Schatzberg, Ronald Kline (chapter 1), J.icsbcrh Bcrvocts (chapter 2), Bruce Sinclair, Ton Brouwcr, Jose MtI /~ing I i·c!molof.Y Masculin« van D ijck (chap te r 3), a nd Ka rin Z ach m an n (ch apter 6). I a m most gr;ll eflll tu joe C orn a nd Arwen M ohu n who read it m or e t han o nce ask in g c ritical qu esti on s and pr o viding substa n tive co nu ncn rs. Table of ContentsJOSC Q ui roga, Fran ces Gouda, and C ary Price oFfe red a p ied -a-terre in \X!ashingron p rov id ing a n in te llect ua l h id ing place th rou ghout the years, for w hich I am deep ly g rateful. In t he f nish ing stages. th e G ictclink and Vcrs rcr f:'unilics stood always read y 10 wel co me Alexa nde r in t heir m idst. I co uld not have travelled ihis journey wi tho ut t he friendsh ip of Rosa Kn or rin ga and Frcd cri kc de V lam ing, however. They were th e most persisten t suppo rters whose (ru st e nge nd ered trust in t he pr oject and whose love a nd frien dship have enriched me in the pa'it de cade s.I dedi cat e the bo ok t...

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Today most cities emphasize the construction of separate bicycle lanes as a sure path toward sustainable urban mobility. Historical evidence shows a singular focus on building bicycle lanes without embedding them into a broader bicycle culture and politics is far too narrow. Bicycle lanes were never neutral, but contested from the start. Based on comparative research of cycling history covering nine European cities in four countries, the article shows the crucial role representations of bicycles play in policymakers' and experts' planning for the future. In debating the regulation of urban traffic flows, urban-planning professionals projected separate lanes to control rather than to facilitate working- class, mass-scale bicycling. Significantly, cycling organizations opposed the lanes, while experts like traffic engineers and urban planners framed automobility as the inevitable modern future. Only by the 1970s did bicycle lanes enter the debate as safe and sustainable solutions when grass-roots cyclists' activists campaigned for them. The up and downs of bicycle lanes show the importance of encouraging everyday utility cycling by involving diverse social groups.

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