The present study used an online behavioral instruction program to teach accurate American Psychological Association (APA) citation formatting to nine graduate students. The participants completed two self‐paced, online training modules targeting the correct formation of full reference and in‐text citations, which consisted of the three elements of behavioral instruction: multiple practice opportunities, mastery criteria, and automatic feedback provided contingent on response. Training occurred using a concurrent multiple baseline design across skills (for seven participants) or nonconcurrently across participants (for two participants). Most participants did not correctly use APA citation formatting when probed in the baseline condition. Following training, participants increased their accuracy in APA citations across trained and novel exemplars. Two participants’ data showed limited functional control due to increases in baseline. One participant required an additional visual checklist to reach the mastery criterion for one skill. Social validity was also assessed with overall confidence in using APA citation formatting increasing following completion of the modules. Participants reported overall satisfaction with the online modules stating that they were helpful in teaching correct citation implementation and were easy to use. Limitations to the current study and future uses of behavioral instruction as a technology are discussed.

Improper disposal of recyclable materials continues to impact environmental sustainability efforts. To produce the greatest environmental change with fewest resources, recyclable materials must be correctly sorted, and nonrecyclable materials must not contaminate the recycling bin. Antecedent environmental modifications have been successful at increasing sustainability-related behavior. Most research has focused on increasing correct recycling, and fewer studies have evaluated the effect of these interventions on contamination of nonrecyclables in the recycling bin. In the current study, researchers evaluated the effects of environmental modifications on recycling and contamination in two academic hallways on a college campus. Antecedent modifications in the form of signs, bin placement, and a food and liquid bin or a specialized recycling bin lid were examined. Results from previous research was partially replicated in the current study. Differences between hallways along both measures suggest that contamination rate is an underutilized but important metric in the evaluation of recycling efforts.

<div>Abstract<p>Tumor cells use various immune-suppressive strategies to overcome antitumor immunity. One such method is tumor expression of programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1), which triggers apoptotic death or anergy upon binding programmed death-1 (PD-1) on T cells. Our previous <i>in vitro</i> cellular studies with human and mouse PD-L1⁺ tumor cells demonstrated that a soluble form of the costimulatory molecule CD80 prevented PD-L1–mediated immune suppression and restored T-cell activation by binding PD-L1 and blocking interaction with PD-1. We now report that <i>in vivo</i> treatment of established syngeneic PD-L1⁺ CT26 colon carcinoma and B16F10 melanoma tumors with CD80-Fc delays tumor growth and promotes tumor-infiltrating T cells. Studies with PD-1^−/− and CD28^−/− mice demonstrate that soluble CD80 acts <i>in vivo</i> by simultaneously neutralizing PD-1 suppression and activating through CD28. We also report that soluble CD80 mediates its effects by activating transcription factors EGR1-4, NF-κB, and MAPK, downstream signaling components of the CD28 and T-cell receptor pathways. Soluble CD80 binds to CTLA-4 on activated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. However, increasing quantities of CTLA-4 antagonist antibodies do not increase T-cell activation. These results indicate that soluble CD80 does not suppress T-cell function through CTLA-4 and suggest that CTLA-4 acts as a decoy receptor for CD80, rather than functioning as a suppressive signaling receptor. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that soluble CD80 has therapeutic efficacy <i>in vivo</i> in mouse tumor systems and that its effects are due to its ability to inhibit PD-1–mediated suppression while concurrently activating T cells through CD28. <i>Cancer Immunol Res; 6(1); 59–68. ©2017 AACR</i>.</p></div>

<p>Supplementary figures 1 & 2</p>

<p>Supplementary figures 1 & 2</p>