SummaryCyanobacteria are photosynthetic organisms responsible for ~25% of organic carbon fixation on earth. These bacteria began to convert solar energy and carbon dioxide into bioenergy and oxygen billions of years ago. Cyanophages, which infect these bacteria, play an important role in regulating the marine ecosystem by controlling cyanobacteria community organization and mediating lateral gene transfer. Here we visualize the maturation process of cyanophage Syn5 inside its host cell, Synechococcus, using Zernike Phase Contrast (ZPC) electron cryo-tomography (cryoET) 1,2 . This imaging modality yields significant enhancement of image contrast over conventional cryoET and thus facilitates the direct identification of subcellular components, including thylakoid membranes, carboxysomes and polyribosomes, as well as phages, inside the congested cytosol of the infected cell. By correlating the structural features and relative abundance of viral progeny within cells at different stages of infection, we identified distinct Syn5 assembly Users may view, print, copy, download and text and data-mine the content in such documents, for the purposes of academic research, subject always to the full Conditions of use: http://www.nature.com/authors/editorial_policies/license.html#terms The averaged density maps of the procapsid, expanded capsid and the DNA-containing capsid have been deposited in the EBI under accession codes EMD-5742, EMD-5743, EMD-5744, EMD-5745, and EMD-5746, respectively. The authors declare no competing financial interests.Supplementary Information is linked to the online version of the paper at www.nature.com/nature. Fig. 1a-b) are roughly concentric, the thylakoid membrane does not fully enclose the inner compartment of the cell, nor does it seem to directly interact with the cell membrane. This differs from the organization seen in other cyanobacteria 9,10 . Cyanobacteria also contain carboxysomes, polyhedral compartments encapsulating enzymes for carbon fixation 11,12 . Each WH8109 cell has, on average, four or five carboxysomes, with diameters ranging from 920 to 1160Å (Fig. 1c). Ribosomes are abundant and widespread, forming numerous intracellular patches that contain polyribosomes (Fig. 1d). HHS Public AccessCyanophage Syn5 that infects WH8109 cells is a short-tailed icosahedral phage with a unique horn appendage at the vertex opposite to the tail 13 (Extended Data Fig. 2). Initial segmentation of our tomograms of infected cells identified Syn5 particles on the cell surface, floating in the extracellular medium, and Syn5 progeny inside the cell. Multiple full and empty phage particles are seen attached to the cell surface. Injection of viral DNA occurs at multiple sites on the bacterial envelope and does not appear to be a coordinated process. Fig. 1e shows a tubular density extending from the phage tail through the periplasm to the cytoplasm (Supplementary video 4), similar to observations in other phage-infected bacteria 14,15 . As infection progresses, increasing numbers of Syn5 phage progeny ...

One limitation in electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) is the inability to recover high-resolution signal from the image-recording media at the full-resolution limit of the transmission electron microscope. Direct electron detection using CMOS-based sensors for digitally recording images has the potential to alleviate this shortcoming. Here, we report a practical performance evaluation of a Direct Detection Device (DDD) for biological cryo-EM at two different microscope voltages: 200 and 300 kV. Our DDD images of amorphous and graphitized carbon show strong per-pixel contrast with image resolution near the theoretical sampling limit of the data. Single-particle reconstructions of two frozen-hydrated bacteriophages, P22 and ε15, establish that the DDD is capable of recording usable signal for 3-D reconstructions at about 4/5 of the Nyquist frequency, which is a vast improvement over the performance of conventional imaging media. We anticipate the unparalleled performance of this digital recording device will dramatically benefit cryo-EM for routine tomographic and single-particle structural determination of biological specimens.

Resolving the nonicosahedral components in large icosahedral viruses remains a technical challenge in structural virology. We have used the emerging technique of Zernike phase-contrast electron cryomicroscopy to enhance the image contrast of ice-embedded herpes simplex virus type 1 capsids. Image reconstruction enabled us to retrieve the structure of the unique portal vertex in the context of the icosahedral capsid and, for the first time, show the subunit organization of a portal in a virus infecting eukaryotes. Our map unequivocally resolves the 12-subunit portal situated beneath one of the pentameric vertices, thus removing uncertainty over the location and stoichiometry of the herpesvirus portal.

Thrombocytosis and platelet hyperreactivity are known to be associated with malignancy; however, there have been no ultrastructure studies of platelets from patients with ovarian cancer. Here, we used electron cryotomography (cryo-ET) to examine frozen-hydrated platelets from patients with invasive ovarian cancer (n = 12) and control subjects either with benign adnexal mass (n = 5) or free from disease (n = 6). Qualitative inspections of the tomograms indicate significant morphological differences between the cancer and control platelets, including disruption of the microtubule marginal band. Quantitative analysis of subcellular features in 120 platelet electron tomograms from these two groups showed statistically significant differences in mitochondria, as well as microtubules. These structural variations in the platelets from the patients with cancer may be correlated with the altered platelet functions associated with malignancy. Cryo-ET of platelets shows potential as a noninvasive biomarker technology for ovarian cancer and other platelet-related diseases.electron | cryotomography | platelet | microtubule | cancer

Herpes viruses are prevalent and well characterized human pathogens. Despite extensive study, much remains to be learned about the structure of the genome packaging and release machinery in the capsids of these large and complex double-stranded DNA viruses. However, such machinery is well characterized in tailed bacteriophage, which share a common evolutionary origin with herpesvirus. In tailed bacteriophage, the genome exits from the virus particle through a portal and is transferred into the host cell by a complex apparatus (i.e. the tail) located at the portal vertex. Here we use electron cryo-tomography of human herpes simplex type-1 (HSV-1) virions to reveal a previously unsuspected feature at the portal vertex, which extends across the HSV-1 tegument layer to form a connection between the capsid and the viral membrane. The location of this assembly suggests that it plays a role in genome release into the nucleus and is also important for virion architecture.