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Higher-order sliding-mode control has exclusive properties, such as robustness against the disturbance and uncertainty. Moreover, the finite-time stability of a system can be realized with a homogeneous sliding-mode controller. However, designing a higher-order sliding-mode controller is difficult. In this paper, we introduce a general strategy that includes various types of homogeneous sliding-mode control laws. We can check the stability of a system under the control law with some explicit inequalities. Therefore, we can theoretically design the controller even if the target system has input constraints, bounded disturbances, and uncertainty.

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Novel thin film fuel cell based on the 100 nm-thick electrolyte of amorphous ZrP2.5O x , working at 400°C, was demonstrated. The hydrogen permeable membrane fuel cell (HMFC) using a Pd foil　as a nonporous solid anode was fabricated. Ni interlayer of several hundreds nm thickness was introduced between the Pd anode and the ZrP2.5O x electrolyte in order to suppress the deterioration of the electrolyte nanofilm by the deformation of the Pd anode during hydrogen absorption. In the ZrP2.5O x electrolyte the transport number of proton was unity at 400°C as determined by an EMF measurement. The modification of the Ni anode surface by an ultrathin Pt or Pd layer effectively decreased the anode/electrolyte interfacial polarization. Consequently, the HMFC revealed the OCV of 1.0 V and the maximum power density of 3.6 mW cm-2 at 400°C.

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