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We report temperature (T = +22.5 ∼ −57.0 °C)-controlled optical trapping of single dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) droplets with the diameter (d) of 7−15 μm in air. Optically levitated DMSO microdroplets containing 0.1 mol/dm 3 (=M) potassium iodide (KI) as an additive for reducing the vapor pressure of DMSO in air have been suggested to take supercooled liquid states even below the freezing temperature (f p ) of the bulk DMSO liquid (f p = +18.4 °C in the presence of 0.1 M KI) as seen in bright-field microscopic observations of the droplet. Clear evidence for supercooling of an aerosol DMSO microdroplet below f p has been obtained by in situ optical trapping−polarized Raman microspectroscopy of the droplet down to −14.9 °C. Analysis of the polarized Raman spectral data of an aerosol DMSO droplet (d = ∼10 μm) has demonstrated that the droplet at +22.5, +0.2, or −14.9 °C is characterized by the rotational relaxation time (τ rot ) of a DMSO molecule in the droplet being 1.95, 2.58, or 3.90 ps, respectively. On the basis of the τ rot values and the Stokes−Einstein equation (τ rot = 8πa 3 η/k B T where a, η, k B are the radius (1.883 Å) of a DMSO molecule, the viscosity in DMSO, and the Boltzmann constant, respectively), the η values in the DMSO microdroplet in air at +22.5, +0.2, or −14.9 °C have been estimated to be 2.39, 2.94, or 4.20 cP, respectively, while that of bulk DMSO liquid at +20.5 °C is 1.98 cP. We also report the T-dependence (+22.5 > T > −14.9 °C) of the viscosity in a single aerosol DMSO microdroplet (d = ∼10 μm) and the effects of aerosolization in air on the viscosity in DMSO.

This cross-sectional study explored the association between medication non-adherence and its factors in patients with non-communicable diseases (NCDs) using an online structured questionnaire emailed to 30,000 people (aged over 20 years who lived in Japan at the time of the survey). The questions concerned respondents’ characteristics, medication non-adherence, health beliefs, lifestyles, and trouble taking medication. Factors related to non-adherence were analyzed among patients with lifestyle-related NCDs categorized into two age groups: 20–59, and >60 years. Unintentional (p < 0.001) and intentional (p < 0.001) non-adherence were more common among patients aged 20–59 than in older adults. NCD patients aged 20–59 experienced significantly more trouble taking medication than older adults. Multiple regression analysis showed that for patients aged 20–59 with NCDs, unintentional non-adherence was significantly and positively associated with current smoking habits (β = 0.280, p < 0.001), while intentional non-adherence was significantly and positively associated with alcohol consumption (β = 0.147, p = 0.020) and current smoking habits (β = 0.172, p = 0.007). In patients aged 20–59, unhealthy eating habits (β = −0.136, p = 0.034) and lack of exercise (β = −0.151, p = 0.020) were negatively associated with intentional non-adherence. In conclusion, factors affecting medication non-adherence in patients with lifestyle-related diseases are related to health awareness, lifestyle, and medication barriers.

We develop a method of stochastic differential equation to simulate electron acceleration at astrophysical shocks. Our method is based on Itô's stochastic differential equations coupled with a particle splitting, employing a skew Brownian motion where an asymmetric shock crossing probability is considered. Using this code, we perform simulations of electron acceleration at stationary plane parallel shock with various parameter sets, and studied how the cutoff shape, which is characterized by cutoff shape parameter a, changes with the momentum dependence of the diffusion coefficient β. In the age-limited cases, we reproduce previous results of other authors, a ≈ 2β. In the cooling-limited cases, the analytical expectation a ≈ β + 1 is roughly reproduced although we recognize deviations to some extent. In the case of escapelimited acceleration, numerical result fits analytical stationary solution well, but deviates from the previous asymptotic analytical formula a ≈ β.

We demonstrate the first SOA-integrated CW-DFB laser at 1.3 µm with kink-free and stable single-mode operation over 100 mW at up to 80 ºC. We also achieved reliable operation over 700 hours at 80 ºC.