The digold(I) complex [Au 2 Cl 2 (Cy 2 PCH 2 PCy 2)] reacts with 4,4'-diphenylene diboronic acid to form a triangular macrocyclic complex with twisted Au-P-C-P-Au groups at the three corners. The synthesis of the complex and its chemical oxidation produced [6]cycloparaphenylene ([6]CPP) in 59 % overall yield. Organogold complexes have attracted attention because of both their characteristic structures and properties potentially useful in catalysis, liquid crystals, devices, bioimaging, and therapies. [1] Gold(III) complexes have common square-planar structures, but they attracted much less attention than complexes of Pt II , the other 5d 8 metal. [2] Gold(I) prefers linear two-coordinated structure, and forms dinuclear complexes with diphosphine ligands such as a,w-bis(diphenylphosphino)alkanes, which are normally used as chelating ligand. [3, 4] Aurophilicity between two Au I centers stabilizes the molecular structure and conformation with close Au I positions (Au À Au distance of about 3.0). [5] Multinuclear organogold(I) complexes with such components are expected to have unique structures. Figure 1 summarizes macrocyclic complexes having more than two Au I ÀC bonds. [6] A dinuclear arylgold(I) complex with a diphosphine ligand [Au 2 (C 6 H 4-F-4) 2 (dppm)] (dppm = bis(diphenylphosphino)methane) was recently reported to cause reductive elimination of 4,4'-difluorobiphenyl upon oxidation with PhICl 2. [7] The reaction involves the oxidative chlorination of two Au I centers, the intramolecular migration of an aryl ligand, forming a chloro(diaryl)gold(III) center, and 1,1reductive elimination of biaryl (Scheme 1). This new kind of C(sp 2)-C(sp 2) bond-forming reaction can be extensively applied to synthesis of conjugated aromatic compounds.

Bolton's values can be used with confidence for the typical Japanese orthodontic population. The use of the actual millimeters of correction for the tooth size ratios could help orthodontists avoid underestimating the prevalence of clinically significant tooth size discrepancies.

ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters couple hydrolysis of ATP with vectorial transport across the cell membrane. We have reconstituted ABC transporter MsbA in nanodiscs of various sizes and lipid compositions to test whether ATPase activity is modulated by the properties of the bilayer. ATP hydrolysis rates, Michaelis-Menten parameters, and dissociation constants of substrate analog ATP-γ-S demonstrated that physicochemical properties of the bilayer modulated binding and ATPase activity. This is remarkable when considering that the catalytic unit is located ~50Å from the transmembrane region. Our results validated the use of nanodiscs as an effective tool to reconstitute MsbA in an active catalytic state, and highlighted the close relationship between otherwise distant transmembrane and ATPase modules.

We found few studies on the association between maxillary sinus size and malocclusion in an electronic search using PubMed. The purpose of this study was to investigate maxillary sinus size in different malocclusion groups and the association between maxillary sinus size and dentofacial morphology by the use of lateral cephalometric radiographs. A total of 120 lateral cephalograms were used. These radiographs were derived from subjects with skeletal Class I, Class II, and Class III malocclusions, classified on the basis of the A-N-B angle. Each malocclusion group consisted of 20 boys and 20 girls ranging in age from 12 to 16 years. Two linear measurements and three area measurements were made to evaluate maxillary sinus size, and four angular and eight linear measurements were made to evaluate dentofacial morphology. Analysis of variance and Pearson's correlation analysis were performed for statistical comparison. The maxillary sinuses showed no significant differences in size between the different classes of skeletal malocclusion or between sexes. However, the maxillary sinus measurements were significantly correlated with several dentofacial morphological measurements. When formulating an orthodontic treatment plan, orthodontists should take into consideration the fact that the patients 12 to 16 years old with large cranial bases and nasomaxillary complexes tend to have larger maxillary sinuses, but there is no significant association between maxillary sinus size and the A-N-B angle denoting the sagittal skeletal jaw relationship.