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Polyoxomolybdate inorganic–organic hybrid crystals were synthesized by using long-tailed primary amine and ionic-liquid surfactants. Dodecylamine and 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide were employed for the syntheses. Both hybrid crystals contained a β-type octamolybdate (Mo8) anion and showed alternate stacking of Mo8 monolayers and interdigitated surfactant bilayers. The arrangement of Mo8 layers in the inorganic monolayers was different between the hybrid crystals because of the difference in the structures of the surfactant hydrophilic head.

The main purpose of this study is to investigate temperature preference for habitat of three species of oceanic sea skaters, Halobates micans, H. germanus and H. sericeus. For each of the three species, we examined the relationship between population density, surface water and air temperatures in the sampling sites during three science cruises in the tropical to temperate zone of the Pacific Ocean. A higher density of H. micans was observed in sites with higher water and air temperatures at 28˚C-30˚C than that at site with lower temperatures of 23˚C-28˚C. A higher density of H. germanus was observed in sites with extremely high temperatures of 29.6˚C and 30˚C than that in sites with moderately high temperatures of 28˚C-29˚C in the Pacific Ocean, while a relatively high density was observed in sites with a wide range of temperatures from 24˚C-30˚C in the southern hemisphere Pacific Ocean. The relatively low temperature preference of 23˚C-28˚C exhibited by H. sericeus may be related to its size as the smallest among the three species and its relatively wide latitudinal distribution ranging up to 40˚N.

Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a progressive cholestatic liver disease characterized by the presence of highly specific antimitochondrial antibodies, portal inflammation and lymphocyte-dominated destruction of the intrahepatic bile ducts, which leads to cirrhosis. While its pathogenesis remains unclear, PBC that shows histological progression to fibrosis carries a high risk of carcinogenesis; the same is true of viral liver diseases. In patients with PBC, the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is rare; the development of combined hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocellular carcinoma (cHCC-CCC) is extraordinary. Herein, we report a rare case of PBC metachronously complicated by cHCC-CCC and HCC, which, to the best of our knowledge, has never been reported. We present a case report of a 74-year-old Japanese woman who was diagnosed as PBC in her 40’s by using blood tests and was admitted to our department for further management of an asymptomatic liver mass. She had a tumor of 15 mm in size in segment 8 of the liver and underwent a partial resection of the liver. Subsequent pathological findings resulted in the diagnosis of cHCC-CCC, arising from stage 3 PBC. One year after the initial hepatectomy, a second tumor of 10 mm in diameter was found in segment 5 of the liver; a partial resection of the liver was performed. Subsequent pathological findings led to HCC diagnosis. The component of HCC in the initial tumor displayed a trabecular growth pattern while the second HCC showed a pseudoglandular growth pattern, suggesting that metachronous tumors that arise from PBC are multicentric.

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