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The present study aims to determine the relative efficiency of 28 countries participated in PISA 2015 and TALIS 2013 based on student performance and teacher quality, and to sort the countries according to their efficiency scores by using a super efficiency model. Moreover, this study attempts to reveal important improvements countries must make in terms of teacher quality to have better results for student performance. Using data of 28 countries from TALIS 2013 for determining the variables of teacher quality and PISA 2015 for student performance, a data envelopment analysis was performed. Four negative attributes of the teachers were included as input variables and students' performance on reading, mathematics and science as output variables in the analysis. According to the research findings, the most efficient countries on the basis of the determined inputs and outputs are Finland

The primary purpose of this paper is to find out the relationship between real government expenditures and real gross domestic product (GDP) for three countries of the South Caucasus namely, Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Georgia. The relationship between the variables is essential for policy formation for these countries due to their transition to market economy. There are two main hypotheses related to real government expenditures and growth. The Wagner’s hypothesis argues that the growth of an economy leads to more government spending while Keynes’s hypothesis proposes that government expenditures feed higher economic growth. From policy perspectives, the Keynesian view gives a dominant role in government intervention for higher growth while Wagner view gives just a passive role to the government in economic policy. This paper is designed to investigate these hypotheses by using econometric panel techniques. The analysis covers the years 1990-2016. According to our empirical results, there is a mutually positive relationship between real government expenditures and economic growth in the South Caucasus. At the same time, we also find short and long-term bidirectional causality. These results confirm each other and in line with the existing literature. Our study contributes to the literature as filling the gap by studying the South Caucasus countries.

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The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between the variables of primary education, finance and economic growth. The real GDP per capita, the number of students enrolled in the primary education level and the public education expenditure per student variables were used. In this research data of 30 PISA participating countries from 1998-2015 were used. Panel econometric methods of cointegration test, long term relationship estimators of DOLS and FMOLS were used in the study. The study concludes that there is a co-mobility of primary education, financing of primary education and economic growth. This co-mobility can contribute to the expansion of human capital in the long run.