This experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at Janat Al-Nakheel company located in khazmiah/Baghdad from 1/9/2020 to 1/6/2021 and aimed to study the effect of inoculation with fungal and bacterial biofertilizers on the growth and flowering of Lilium spp. under the influence of alternating irrigation with salt water. The experiment was implemented as a factorial experiment using the RCBD randomized complete block design with two factors, the first factor included inoculation with biofertilizers, while the second factor included alternating irrigation with saline water and the interaction between them. The results showed that the interaction between biofertilizers and tap water gave the highest recordings of vegetative and flowering growth in terms of plant height (48.63) cm, stem diameter (9.9) mm, leaf area (878.0) mm, concentration of proline in leaves (2.06) and peroxidase enzyme activity (6.95) The content of MDA leaves (0.531), flowering period (31.17) days, flower diameter (16.75) cm, number of flower buds (9.5) flower bud, carotene pigment concentration in flowers (3.027) and flowering age (22.00) days, as well as root length (22.03) cm and the percentage of dry matter in the roots (12.45)%.

An experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at research station (A) / College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences / University of Baghdad to study the impact of exogenous application of hydrogen peroxide and soil amendments (zeolite and Disper osmotic regulator) in the physiological traits of the Ranunculus asiaticus L. grown in saline soils. The experiment included three factors, soil (S) at two kinds (2.17, 5.8 dsm), soil amendments at includes 3 levels of zeolite (0,4,8 gm kg-1 soil), and two levels Disper Osmotic (1,2 gm l-1), hydrogen peroxide application (0,5,10 mmol l-1). results showed saline soils caused a significant decrease in vegetative and flowering growth, and the leaf content of N, P, K. While a significant increase in the leaf content of Na was observed, is an indicator of oxidative stress. The addition of soil amendments (M3) (1 gm l) to plants grown under salinity stress caused a significant increase in the leaf content of N, P, K and plant height, leaf area and all flowering growth characteristics. Exogenous application of hydrogen peroxide at a concentration (5 mmol l-1) had a significant effect on most of the vegetative and flowering growth characteristics.

This study was conducted in a greenhouse at research station (A) of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad - Jadiriyah during the autumn season of 2020 to study the impact of exogenous application of hydrogen peroxide and soil amendments (zeolite and Disper osmotic regulator) and their interactions in the physiological traits of the Ranunculus asiaticus L. grown in saline soils. The experiment was carried in a split-split block (2*5*3) according to an RCBD randomized complete block design with three replications and an average of 6 plants in the experimental unit The results showed that the growth of Ranunculus asiaticus L in saline soils caused a significant decrease in the leaf content of relative water content (RWC), membrane stability index (MSI), chlorophyll content. While a significant increase in the leaf content of hydrogen peroxide was observed, and the increase in the electrolytic leaching of the plant is an indicator of oxidative stress. The addition of soil amendments to plants grown under salinity stress caused a significant increase in the leaf content relative to water content, membrane stability, decreased electrolytic leaching, and hydrogen peroxide content. Exogenous application of hydrogen peroxide at a concentration (5 mmol l-1) had a positive effect on most of the physiological characteristics. The interaction between soil amendments and hydrogen peroxide contributed to the avoidance of plants from oxidative stress resulting from the high concentration of effective oxygen radicals (ROS) in the cells of plants exposed to salt stress, and stimulating the activity of the enzymatic and non enzymatic defense system in addition to the increase of chlorophyll and physiological characteristics.

This experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at Janat AlNakheel located in khazmiah/Baghdad from 1/9/2020 to 1/6/2021 and aimed to study the effect of gibberellin (GA3) soaking and inoculation with fungous and bacterial biofertilizers on growth and flowering of lilium bulbs (Lilium spp.). The experiment was executed as factorial experiment utilizing the randomly complete block design (RCBD) with two factors. The results showed that soaking with gibberellin prior to planting along with inoculation with biofertilizers and their interaction enhanced vegetative growth traits in which a significant increase in plant height (48.85)cm, stem diameter (9.7)mm, number of leaves (110.56) leaves, leaf area (811.0)mm2, chlorophyll content in leaves (54.24) unit spad, dry weight percentage (12.68)%, and NPK percentage (2.61,0.40,3.07)% was noticed. In addition, flowering traits were also enhanced flowering duration (27.89) days, flower diameter (16.53)cm, dry weight percentage (11.26)%, number of flower buds (8.33)buds, flower content of total dissolved saccharides (11.84) and carotene pigments (2.724), and vase life (20.89) days.