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Background: The prime intention of this research work was to assess the effect of synthetic insecticides and bio-pesticide against natural enemies of aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.), mainly ladybird beetle Coccinella septumpunctata (Linnaeus) and syrphid fly, Ischiodon scutellaris (Fabricius) in mustard was evaluated. Methods: The field experiment was conducted at Student Research Farm, Department of Entomology, CSAUA and T Kanpur during Rabi season of 2013-14 and 2014-15. Experiment conducted in Randomized block design with three replication and eight treatments. Imidacloprid, deltamethrin, spinosad, fipronil, thiamethoxam, Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana were tested against natural enemies and available population of natural enemies of aphid were recorded before 1 day and after 3, 5, 7 and 14 days of spray application. M. anisopliae and B. bassiana were the most effective with less toxicity against Ladybird beetle and syrphid fly by continuously increasing population after application. Though all the tested chemical insecticides were found toxic to the lady bird beetle and syrphid fly larvae, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam were found relatively safer to other insecticides by recording less mortality after 14 days of spraying during two years testing period. Result: M. anisopliae, B. bassiana, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam may be used for the management of insect pests because of their less toxicity to beneficial insects.

Eggplant Solanum melongena is one of the most important vegetables of south Asia. It is the most important vegetable of hot and wet climatic zones. It is commercially very profitable vegetable crop to farmers. It has a wide range of bio chemicals, minerals, vitamins, proteins, calcium and phosphorus. Several insect pests attack the brinjal crop among those, Leucinodes orbonalis is the most obnoxious, destructive damaging pest to the brinjal .It is a key pest of brinjal, causes damage to shoots buds stems and fruits. Larva of this pest is the damaging stage to brinjal crop. Larvae bore inside the shoots petioles and fruits and reduce the crop yields up to 80% damage to fruits has been identified. This sitsuation has posed a hindrance to the farmers in commercial cultivation of eggplant; hence relevant literatures were collected, studied and reviewed regarding biology and management of borer. Available management tools are not being enough to control the population of this pest and in such condition it is needful to have a holistic approach towards IPM practices. In this article, several control measures for L. orbonalis including resistant varieties, cultural methods, physical and mechanical barriers, sex pheromones, bio-pesticides and bio-control agents; chemical and botanical means are outlined and evaluated with supportive facts and figures with reference to previous works and researches in this area.

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Pesticide covers a wide range of compounds including insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, rodenticides, molluscicides, nematicides, plant growth regulators, and others. Among them, organochlorine insecticides, used successfully in controlling a number of diseases, such as malaria and typhus, were banned or restricted after the 1960s in most of the technologically advanced countries. The introduction of other synthetic insecticides—organophosphate insecticides in the 1960s, carbamates in the 1970s, and pyrethroids in the 1980s, and the introduction of herbicides and fungicides in the 1970s–1980s contributed greatly to pest control and agricultural output. Ideally, a pesticide must be lethal to the targeted pests, but not to nontarget species, including man. Unfortunately, this is not the case, so the controversy of the use and abuse of pesticides has surfaced. The rampant use of these chemicals, under the adage, “if little is good, a lot more will be better” has played with humans and other life forms. The known ecological impacts of insecticides on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems are reviewed in this chapter. Awareness of the impacts that insecticides are having in our world may help to introduce the management practices that aim at reducing and mitigating those impacts.