Non-activated carbon from coal contains ultrafine pores in which adsorption of nitrogen at 77 K is controlled by activated diffusion. Carbons activated with phosphoric acid or with steam contain a large fraction of microporosity. However, they do not contain ultrafine pores or pore constrictions in which activated diffusion takes place. The BET equation can be applied to calculate the surface area of microporous carbon when the monolayer capacity lies in the relative pressure range 0.05–0.30, the BET areas in such cases being comparable with those obtained from the αs-method. The Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R) equation is the most suitable for the interpretation of CO2 adsorption at 298 K. Chemical and physical activation starts with new pore creation, further activation being associated with pore widening. Microporosity is more predominant in chemically-activated carbons.

Several existing reinforced concrete structures (RC) require improvement in performance for reasons of deterioration. This is due to many factors such as the change in code requirements. The current study was assisted by experimental models to investigate the behavior of RC slabs strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates and sheets. Seven RC slabs strengthened with CFRP (laminates and sheets) were tested. The slabs were divided into four groups. The first phase includes one slab without strengthening (reference slab), the second phase includes one slab strengthened with CFRP laminates, and the third phase includes one slab strengthened with CFRP sheets. The fourth phase includes four slabs strengthened with different areas of sheets. The major test parameters included the different types of strengthening materials and the corresponding types of epoxies used for each type of CFRP. A comparison between the two types of CFRP was conducted. The load deflection, load strain and mode of failure were investigated. Test results demonstrated that the flexural strength increased, and the ductility reduced with the increase in the area of CFRP sheets. for almost equivalent applied area, CFRP Sheets has more significant influence on the behavior of the strengthened slabs than laminates. Strengthening of RC slabs with CFRP improves the flexural strength capacity for both types. For the same CFRP strength, the sheets showed a cost reduction of 70%. The difference is attributed to the difference in the mechanical properties and the bonding quality of the CFRP material

In Egypt, The white grub, Pentodon algerinum (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) damages various economic important plants recently strawberry. This study aimed to DNA identification and first evaluation of the Spodopteda littoralis Nuclear polyhedrosis virus (SpliNPV) and Pentodon algerinum Nuclear polyhedrosis virus (PNPV) against Pentodon algerinum third instar larvae in the laboratory to find successful safe alternative control method against this pest. Bioassay was made by two experiments, one used five SpliNPV concentrations, 6.7X10 6 , 3.11X10 7 , 1.1X10 8 , 3.64X10 9 and 3.64X10 10 Polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIB/ml) achieved 80, 100, 100, 80 & 90% mortality respectively during thirteen days. Another experiment used four PNPV concentrations, 8.2x10 7 , 8.2x 10 8 , 2.6x10 9 and 8.2x10 9 PIB/ml caused 100, 70, 67 & 72.7% mortality respectively during ten days. SpliNPV Lethal concentrations LC50 6.2x10 14 & LC90 8.9x10 9 PIB/ml were more than PNPV LC50 2.8X10 9 & LC90 1.8X10 8 PIB/ml. Thus PNPV and SpliNPV were effective against Pentodon larvae but PNPV was effective and specific more than SpliNPV. DNA of SpliNPV and PNPV was identified by RAPD PCR using four RAPD primers, Operon A9, A20, B17 & B7 (Operon Technologies, Inc., Alameda, CA, USA) using automated (Bio Rad, USA) thermal cycler. Total 33 bands were produced including 24 PNPV bands with molecular weights between 152-1204 base pairs (bp) included between resulted 9 SpliNPV bands having molecular weights between 138-1767 bp. Therefore PNPV is similar to SpliNPV in almost its DNA sites and also is a polymorphic copy from SpliNPV. Thus PNPV and SpliNPV can be recommended against this pest.