The data of the examination of 73 children aged 1 to 18 years with mononucleosis of Epstein-Barr virus etiology are presented. The use of non-invasive quantitative assessment methodology of the parenchyma (Acoustic Structure Quantification) was shown to allow objectify the examination and to found that infectious mononucleosis in 1st Group patients with a minimum degree of diffuse changes of the liver proceeded without structural changes in the liver parenchyma. In the 2nd group patients the estimation of density index according to Acoustic Structure Quantification allowed to reveal the signs of cholestasis. The heterogeneity of the structure of the liver and the elevation of the parenchymal density index indicated on signs of acute hepatitis and was confirmed by the increase in ALT level in blood serum. Despite the pronounced splenomegaly no structural changes in the spleen were found in any patients.

There are presented data of the integrated ultrasound (US) examination of 85 children with urolithiasis (IBC) at the age of from 3 months up to 17 years. In traditional ultrasound study (in gray scale mode), the main criterion for the presence of stone - distal acoustic «shadow» was evaluated in dependence on its intensity from 0 to 4 scores. When using color Doppler mapping (CDM) there was established the existence of flaring artifact (FA), which occurred in the reflection of the ultrasonic wave from the reflective stone structure. According to the density index (DI) the presence and density of calculus were detected with the use of Acoustic Structure Quantification (ASQ) methodology for quantifying the structure. The obtained data were compared with data of computed tomography (CT). It has been established that in case of the presence of the «shadow» accounted of 4 scores, FA has been clearly defined, DI ranged from 5,5 to 6,8, CT indices exceed 1100-1500 Hu. When the severity of the «shadow» was of 3 scores, FA remained to be intensive, DI was in the range of 3,5-5,5 and CT density ranged from 800 to 1100 Hu. «Shadow» at 2 scores came from the central department of calculus, FA spectrum corresponded to its width, DI ranged from 3,5 to 2,0 and CT radiodensity - 250 to 800 Hu. Weak «shadow» at 1 score corresponds to a low density stone, FA was narrow, DI ranged from 2,0 to 1,5. At 0 score DI was less than 0,9 and easily permitted ultrasound through. Established patterns indicate to the feasibility of the integrated use of ultrasonic methods in the evaluation of the density of the stone in preparing the patient for performing remote lithotripsy.

The review presents modern non-invasive methods for diagnosing liver fibrosis in children. The tests of biochemical diagnostics of fibrosis are described, the structure of the liver parenchyma and degree of fibrosis are evaluated with the use of the traditional ultrasound technique and non-invasive quantitative evaluation of the liver structure: Acoustic Structure Quantification (ASQ) with the assessment of the density index (DI). ASQ is shown to allow receive valuable information on the acoustic structure of liver tissue in visual, parametric and numerical formats, that increases the quality, level and clinical significance of the diagnosis. Authors recommend this non-invasive method to determine the stages of liver fibrosis and subsequent long-term follow-up and monitoring of the effectiveness of its comprehensive therapy. The possibilities of magnetic resonance imaging in diagnosis of fibrosis and liver cirrhosis in children are also underlined.

An overview of the data on the features of ultrasound in polyposis of the gallbladder is presented. The polyposis of the gallbladder especially in children is the rare disease requiring careful attention since the transition from the benign mass into carcinoma is not impossible. The extensive use of ultrasound diagnostics has significantly improved the detection of gallbladder polyposis. In the review of literature data and own research, the possibilities of the visualization of various forms of gallbladder polyposis in children are considered, and a scheme for the dynamic control of polyp morphogenesis is suggested.

An overview of the data on features of ultrasound examination of the gallbladder with various forms of pathology in children is presented. We examined 650 conditionally healthy children and 840 children with diseases of the abdominal cavity organs, cardiovascular system, and some infectious diseases. The diffuse thickening of the gallbladder wall was established to be the possible result of a wide range of pathological conditions, both of surgical and non-surgical origin. It is shown that sometimes it is necessary to conduct frequent dynamic studies, especially in cases where the primary disease of the gallbladder cannot be ruled out. As a rule, the recognition of the cause of the response of the gallbladder wall and its exclusion as a result of appropriate treatment leads to a normalization of the morphology and function of the gallbladder.