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This review covers the main problems and basic principles of the use of various membranes in medicine and pharmacy. Developments in the field of sterilizing, bacteriostatic and bactericidal membranes and membranes for pyrogen-free water preparing are considered. An analysis of the scientific literature in this research area are identified. The main ways of development of this area, as well as an analysis of properties of membranes from different manufacturers for use in the medical and pharmaceutical industries are given. Their advantages and disadvantages are considered. It is shown that the main criterion for sterilizing membranes is the pore size, which should be no less than 0.1 microns. The most commonly used materials for sterilizing membranes are PTFE, polyamide and polysulfone. Review of methods for bacteriostatic and bactericidal membranes showed that there are different prospective modification methods of widely used membranes. Examples of some membranes modifications with inorganic and organic substances are considered. It is shown that the most effective modifying agents are chitosan and silver compounds. The mechanism of action of the ions and silver nanoparticles on bacterial cells is shown. A comparison of the effectiveness of distillation and membrane filtration processes for the preparation of water for injection is given. The ultra- and nanofiltration membranes used for pyrogen-free water preparing are described. New data about the properties of charged membranes are given. It is shown that the use of positively charged membranes for pyrogen-free water preparing is perspective, because it works by sieve and adsorption mechanism.

The results of investigations of modified polyamide microfiltration membranes application in the concentration of viruses and bacteriophages during sanitary virological monitoring of water bodies are presented in this paper. The analysis of developments in the control of viral contamination of different origins water bodies is given. Viruses presented in the water in small amounts can cause disease. It is shown that an important step is viral concentration from large amounts of water for its identification. The possibility of positively charged microfiltration membranes application in the concentration of viruses is established. A method of polyamide microfiltration membranes modification for increasing the positive charge on their surface is developed. To estimate the retention capacity of membranes the methods of measuring the sorption properties of the membranes using the model dye bromophenyl blue is developed. A membrane filter module with tangentially-radial mode of fluid movement was used. Studies carried out in specialized organizations revealed that the efficiency of bacteriophage MS-2 sorption on the modified polyamide membrane at different loads was 100%. It was found that the use of membrane filtration module not only improves the detention of microorganisms, but also allows improving the elution stage. The laboratory results were confirmed by tests using natural waters.

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