No abstract

In Unani literature bone (Azm) fracture is known as "Kasar. Basically Kasar (Fracture) is an example of Tafarruq-e-Itteshal. Radio-ulnar fracture is a type of fracture where fracture occurs between radius and ulna. Distal radius fractures are one of the most common types of fractures, accounting for around 25% of fractures in the paediatric population and up to 18% of all fractures in the elderly age group. Ancient Unani Literature is augmented in Kasar where as Unani physician described broadly the pathology, manifestation & treatment. Bone-healing activity of Shilajeet, Harjor, Kushta Sadaf, Khamirah Marvareed in human is effective.

Artemisia annua is a medicinal plant that produces artemisinin, which has antimalarial activity. Artemisinin biosynthesis pathway depends on number of genes such as ADS, CPR and CYP71AV1. We studied gene structure of three genes which exhibit ADS gene possess 4 introns and 5 Exons with length 1794bp, CPR has to analyze the sequences of these genes, the CPR gene contains 6 introns and 7 exons with length 1633bp and CYP71AV1gene has 1 intron and 2 Exons with length 1554bp. Cis-acting elements detection in ADS, CPR and CYP71AV1 promoters revealed several of cisacting elements such W-box , WRKY , TATA-BOX,CAAT-BOX ,IBOX MYC ,EBOX,GATA-BOX, which could be involved in gene expression regulation of artemisinin production genes. Our genes could be influenced by different external affects as light, cold, drought and elicitors which in turn may be due to an effect on the amount of produced artemisinin. ADS, CPR and CYP71AV1 proteins evolution shows Artemisia annua, and Tanacetum cinerariifolium always are closed in one cluster which refers to a common ancestor of those two genotypes.

In vitro culture parameters were investigated in order to develop an effective protocol for Artemisia annua cultivation and artemisinin production. The explants, shoot tips and axillary buds, were individually cultured on MS medium contained 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) or growth regulators. Treatment with mercuric chloride (1.0%) for 5 min gave the highest survival percentage (86.0% and 90.0%) and the lowest contamination percentage (40.0% and 64.0%) for terminal shoot tip and axillary bud, respectively. Axillary bud explants surpassed shoot tips in development and direct regeneration. High concentrations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) plus 0.5 mg/L BAP were suitable for callus induction while low concentrations and the control induced less necrosis and more explant development, as well as increased artemisinin concentration. Lower BAP concentrations induced an increased growth rate, while the higher BAP concentration encouraged proliferation. Seven treatments with different concentrations of NAA, 2,4-D, and salicylic acid produced lower amounts of artemisinin than that produced by control (0.5 mg/L BAP). Decreasing level of artemisinin could be due to reduced rates of plant growth and decreased amounts of green matter by growth regulators, which may affect the plastidic pathway for artemisinin production.